Monomeric diols, phosphate linked oligomers formed therefrom and processes for preparing

ABSTRACT

Novel ethylene glycol compounds bearing various functional groups are used to prepare oligomeric structures. The ethylene glycol monomers can be joined via standard phosphate linkages including phosphodiester and phosphorothioate linkages. Useful functional groups include nucleobases as well as polar groups, hydrophobic groups, ionic groups, aromatic groups and/or groups that participate in hydrogen-bonding.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention is directed to alkylene glycol monomeric units and to oligomers constructed from these units. The oligomers can be synthesized to have either random or predefined sequences of monomeric units and can be joined via phosphate linkages, including phosphorothioate and phosphodiester phosphate linkages. Each of the monomeric units can include a chemical moiety thereon for binding of the oligomeric structures to proteins, nucleic acid, and other biological targets. In preferred embodiments, the compounds of the invention act as inhibitors of enzymes such as phospholipase A₂ and are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including atopic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂) are a family of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 ester linkage of membrane phospholipids resulting in release of a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid (see, Dennis, E. A., The Enzymes, Vol. 16, pp. 307-353, Boyer, P. D., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983). Elevated levels of type II PLA₂ are correlated with a number of human inflammatory diseases. The PLA₂-catalyzed reaction is the rate-limiting step in the release of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators. Arachidonic acid, a fatty acid commonly linked at the sn-2 position, serves as a precursor to leukotrienes, prostaglandins, lipoxins and thromboxanes. The lysophospholipid can be a precursor to platelet-activating factor. PLA₂ is regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and, thus, occupies a central position in the inflammatory cascade (see, e.g., Dennis, ibid.; Glaser, et al., TiPs Reviews 1992, 14, 92; and Pruzanski, et al., Inflammation 1992, 16, 451).

[0003] All mammalian tissues evaluated thus far have exhibited PLA₂ activity. At least three different types of PLA₂ are found in humans: pancreatic (type I), synovial fluid (type II) and cytosolic. Studies suggest that additional isoenzymes exist. Type I and type II, the secreted forms of PLA₂, share strong similarity with phospholipases isolated from the venom of snakes. The PLA₂ enzymes are important for normal functions including digestion, cellular membrane remodeling and repair, and in mediation of the inflammatory response. Both cytosolic and type II enzymes are of interest as therapeutic targets. Increased levels of the type II PLA₂ are correlated with a variety of inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and septic shock, suggesting that inhibitors of this enzyme would have therapeutic utility. Additional support for a role of PLA₂ in promoting the pathophysiology observed in certain chronic inflammatory disorders was the observation that injection of type II PLA₂ into the footpad of rats (Vishwanath, et al., Inflammation 1988, 12, 549) or into the articular space of rabbits (Bomalaski, et al., J. Immunol. 1991, 146, 3904) produced an inflammatory response. When the protein was denatured before injection, no inflammatory response was produced.

[0004] The type II PLA₂ enzyme from synovial fluid is a relatively small molecule (about 14 kD) and can be distinguished from type I enzymes (e.g., pancreatic) by the sequence and pattern of its disulfide bonds. Both types of enzymes require calcium for activity. The crystal structures of secreted PLA₂ enzymes from venom and pancreatic PLA₂, with and without inhibitors, have been reported (Scott, et al., Science 1990, 250, 1541). Recently, the crystal structure of PLA₂ from human synovial fluid has been solved (Wery, et al., Nature 1991, 352, 79). The structures clarify the role of calcium and amino acid residues in catalysis. The calcium acts as a Lewis acid to activate the scissile ester carbonyl and bind the lipid, and a His-Asp side chain dyad acts as general base catalyst to activate a water molecule nucleophile. This is consistent with the absence of any acyl enzyme intermediates, and is also comparable to the catalytic mechanism of serine proteases. The catalytic residues and the calcium ion are at the end of a deep cleft (ca. 14 Å) in the enzyme. The walls of this cleft contact the hydrocarbon portion of the phospholipid and are composed of hydrophobic and aromatic residues. The positively-charged amino-terminal helix is situated above the opening of the hydrophobic cleft. Several lines of evidence suggest that the N-terminal portion is the interfacial binding site. (see, e.g., Achari, et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1987, 52, 441; Cho, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263, 11237; Yang, et al., Biochem. J. 1989, 262, 855; and Noel, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3704).

[0005] Much work has been reported in recent years on the study of the mechanism and properties of PLA₂-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids. In in vitro assays, PLA₂ displays a lag phase during which the enzyme adsorbs to the substrate bilayer and a process called interfacial activation occurs. This activation may involve desolvation of the enzyme/lipid interface or a change in the physical state of the lipid around the cleft opening. The evidence favoring this hypothesis comes from studies revealing that rapid changes in PLA₂ activity occur concurrently with changes in the fluorescence of a membrane probe (Burack, et al., Biochemistry 1993, 32, 583). This suggests that lipid rearrangement is occurring during the interfacial activation process. PLA₂ activity is maximal around the melting temperature of the lipid, where regions of gel and liquid-crystalline lipid coexist. This is also consistent with the sensitivity of PLA₂ activity to temperature and to the composition of the substrate, both of which can lead to structurally distinct lipid arrangements separated by a boundary region. Fluorescence microscopy was used to simultaneously identify the physical state of the lipid and the position of the enzyme during catalysis (Grainger, et al., FEBS Lett. 1989, 252, 73). These studies clearly show that PLA₂ binds exclusively at the boundary region between liquid and solid phase lipid.

[0006] While the hydrolysis of the secondary ester bond of 1,2-diacylglycerophospholipids catalyzed by the enzyme is relatively simple, the mechanistic and kinetic picture is clouded by the complexity of the enzyme-substrate interaction. A remarkable characteristic of PLA₂ is that maximal catalytic activity is observed on substrate that is aggregated (i.e., phospholipid above its critical micelle concentration), while low levels of activity are observed on monomeric substrate. As a result, competitive inhibitors of PLA₂ either have a high affinity for the active site of the enzyme before it binds to the substrate bilayer or partition into the membrane and compete for the active site with the phospholipid substrate. Although a number of inhibitors appear to show promising inhibition of PLA₂ in biochemical assays (see, e.g., Yuan, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 8071; Lombardo, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1985, 260, 7234; Washburn, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 5042; Campbell, et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1988, 1560; and Davidson, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1986, 137, 587), reports describing in vivo activity are limited (see, e.g., Miyake, et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1992, 263, 1302).

[0007] Traditional structure activity relationship type drug discovery gives unambiguous products but yet requires the preparation of numerous individual test candidates. The preparation of each structure requires significant amounts of time and resources. Another drug discovery approach, de novo design of active compounds based on high resolution enzyme structures, generally has not been successful. Yet another approach involves screening complex fermentation broths and plant extracts for a desired biological activity. The advantage of screening mixtures from biological sources is that a large number of compounds can be screened simultaneously, in some cases leading to the discovery of novel and complex natural products with activity that could not have been predicted otherwise. One disadvantage is that many different samples must be screened and numerous purifications must be carried out to identify the active component, which often is present only in trace amounts.

[0008] In order to maximize the advantages of each classical approach, new strategies for combinatorial unrandomization have been developed by several groups. Selection techniques have been used with libraries of peptides (see, e.g., Geysen, et al., J. Immun. Meth. 1987, 102, 259; Houghten, et al., Nature 1991, 354, 84; and Owens, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1991, 181, 402) and nucleic acids (see, e.g, Wyatt, et al., (in press) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; and Ecker, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21, 1853). These selection techniques involve iterative synthesis and screening of increasingly simplified subsets of oligomers. In using these selection techniques, subsets are assayed for activity in either cell-based assays, or for binding or inhibition of purified protein targets.

[0009] One technique, called SURF (Synthetic Unrandomization of Randomized Fragments; see, e.g., Ecker, et al., ibid., involves the synthesis of subsets of oligomers containing a known residue at one fixed monomer position and equimolar mixtures of residues at all other positions. For a library of oligomers four residues long containing three monomers (A, B, C), three subsets would be synthesized (NNAN, NNBN, NNCN, where N represents equal incorporation of each of the three monomers). Each subset is then screened in a functional assay and the best subset is identified (e.g., NNAN). A second set of libraries is synthesized and screened, each containing the fixed residue from the previous round, and a second fixed residue (e.g. ANAN, BNAN, CNAN). Through successive rounds of screening and synthesis, a unique sequence with activity in the assay can be identified.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

[0010] It is an object of this invention to provide novel alkane glycol monomeric units.

[0011] It is another object of the invention to provide novel alkane glycol monomeric units that can be incorporated into novel oligomeric structures.

[0012] It is a further object to provide novel alkane glycol monomeric units that can be linked together via phosphorus-containing backbones.

[0013] It is still another object to provide novel alkane glycol based oligomers that include a diversity of functional moieties thereon for binding to biological sites of interest.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] Compounds of the invention include monomeric compounds of structure I:

[0015] wherein:

[0016] X is H, a phosphate group, an activated phosphate group, an activated phosphite group, or a solid support;

[0017] Y is H or a hydroxyl protecting group;

[0018] Z is L₁, L₁-G₁, L₂, L₂-G₂, NR₃R₄, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, a purine, a pyrimidine, a phosphate group, a polyether group, or a polyethylene glycol group;

[0019] L₁ is alkyl having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or alkynyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms;

[0020] L₂ is aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms or aralkyl having 7 to about 15 carbon atoms;

[0021] G₁ is halogen, OR₁, SR₂, NR₃R₄, C(═NH)NR₃R₄, NHC(═NH)NR₃R₄, CH═O, C(═C)OR₅, CH(NR₃R₄) (C(═O)OR₅), C(═O)NR₃R₄, a metal coordination group, or a phosphate group;

[0022] G₂ is halogen, OH, SH, SCH₃, or NR₃R₄;

[0023] R₁ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyl protecting group;

[0024] R₂ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a thiol protecting group;

[0025] R₃ and R₄ are, independently, H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an amine protecting group;

[0026] R₅ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an acid protecting group;

[0027] Q is L₁, G₃, L₁-G₃ or G₃-L₁-G₃;

[0028] G₃ is NR₃, C(═O), C(═S), C(O)—O, C(O)—NH, C(S)—O, C(S)—NH or S(O)₂, NR₃C(═O), NR₃C(═S), NR₃C(O)—O, NR₃C(O)—NH, NR₃C(S)—O, NR₃C(S)—NR or NR₃S(O)₂;

[0029] n is 0 or 1; and

[0030] j is 1 to 6;

[0031] provided that:

[0032] if n=0 AND Z is NH₂, adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine and if one of X or Y is 5 H then the other of X or Y is not H; and

[0033] if n=0 and Q is alkyl-NH, then Z is not biotin or phosphotyrosinyl.

[0034] In preferred embodiments, Y is an acid labile hydroxyl protecting group such as a trityl, methoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl or trimethoxytrityl group. X preferably is H, an activated phosphite such as a phosphoramidite, an activated phosphate, or a solid support. In certain preferred embodiments, n is 1 and Q is an acyl linking group, an alkyl linking group, an amino linking group or a bifunctional linking group. Preferred acyl group include carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, acetyl, amide, succinyl, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, ureido, thioureido, and sulfonamido groups.

[0035] In one preferred group of compounds, Z includes a nitrogen-containing heterocycle such as an imidazole or carbazole ring. In a further preferred group, Z includes a purine or a pyrimidine nucleobase. Particularly preferred are compounds wherein X is an activated phosphite, Y is an acid labile hydroxyl protecting group, and Z is adenine, guanine, cytosine, uridine or thymine.

[0036] In a further preferred group of compounds, Z includes Z includes an unsubstituted or amine-substituted alkyl group having 2 to about 20 atoms, an aryl group having 6 to about 20 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 to about 15 carbon atoms. In yet another preferred group of compounds, Z includes fluorenylmethyl, phenyl, benzyl, polyethylene glycol, glutamyl, or NR₁R₂ groups.

[0037] Further compounds of the invention include oligomeric compounds of structure II:

[0038] wherein:

[0039] X is H, a phosphate group, an activated phosphate group, an activated phosphite group, a solid support, a conjugate group, or an oligonucleotide;

[0040] Y is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group or an oligonucleotide;

[0041] E is O or S;

[0042] Z is L₁, L₁-G₁, L₂, L₂-G₂, NR₃R₄, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, a purine, a pyrimidine, a phosphate group, a polyether group, or a polyethylene glycol group;

[0043] L₁ is alkyl having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or alkynyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms;

[0044] L₂ is aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms or aralkyl having 7 to about 15 carbon atoms;

[0045] G₁ is halogen, OR₁, SR₂, NR₃R₄, C(═NH)NR₃R₄, NHC(═NH)NR₃R₄, CH═O, C(═O)OR₅, CH(NR₃R₄) (C(═O)OR₅), C(═O)NR₃R₄, a metal coordination group, or a phosphate group;

[0046] G₂ is halogen, OH, SH, SCH₃, or NR₃R₄;

[0047] R₁ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyl protecting group;

[0048] R₂ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a thiol protecting group;

[0049] R₃ and R₄ are, independently, H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an amine protecting group;

[0050] R₅ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an acid protecting group;

[0051] Q is L₁, G₃, L₁-G₃ or G₃-L₁-G₃;

[0052] G₃ is NR₃, C(═O), C(═S), C(C)—O, C(O)—NH, C(S)—O, C(S)—NH or S(O)₂, NR₃C(═O), NR₃C(═S), NR₃C(O)—O, NR₃C(O)—NH, NR₃C(S)—O, NR₃C(S)—NH or NR₃S(O)₂;

[0053] n is 0 or 1;

[0054] j is 1 to 6; and

[0055] m is 1 to 50.

[0056] In oligomeric compounds, X, Y, Z, Q, R₁, R₂, j and n are as defined above and m is from 1 to about 25.

[0057] Further compounds of the invention include chimeric oligomeric compounds having a central region comprising a phosphodiester or a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide interspaced between flanking regions comprising the above-described monomeric or oligomeric structures.

[0058] The invention further includes processes for preparing randomized oligomeric compounds including the steps of selecting a group of monomers as described above and covalently bonding at least two of the monomers of said group. In preferred processes, the Z moiety of at least one monomer of said group is different from the Z moiety of another monomer of said group. Compounds prepared by this process preferably are randomized oligomeric compounds having from 2 to 50 monomers, more preferably 2 to about 25 monomers.

[0059] The compounds of the invention can be used as inhibitors of various enzymes including phospholipase A. enzyme. As inhibitors of phospholipase A₂, the compounds are useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including atopic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease. The oligomeric compounds of the invention can be used in diagnostics since they are capable of specifically hybridizing to nucleic acids of interest in the etiology of diseases. The compounds of the invention also can be used as research probes and primers, especially for the study of enzyme biochemistry and protein-nucleic acid interactions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0060] The numerous objects and advantages of the present invention may be better understood by those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying figures, in which:

[0061] FIGS. 1-4 describe synthetic processes for activated phosphite monomers according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0062] The monomeric compounds of the invention can be considered for identification purposes as substituted alkane glycols, i.e., substituted alkane diols, wherein the alkane portion has from 2 to 7 carbon atoms. In preferred embodiments, the hydroxyl groups of the alkane glycols are used to link adjacent monomers and form oligomeric structures. During oligomer synthesis, one of the glycol hydroxyl groups typically is blocked with a protecting group and the other hydroxyl group is reacted with an activated phosphate group such as a β-cyanoethyl phosphoramidate group. As used herein, the term activated phosphate group is intended to denote a phosphate group that bears a chemical modification thereon to enhance its reactivity with nucleophiles. Similarly, the term activated phosphite group denotes a phosphite group that bears a chemical modification to enhance its reactivity with nucleophiles. Numerous such modifications are known in the art.

[0063] The monomeric compounds of the invention preferably are covalently bound using phosphate linkages. This permits coupling via either solution phase or solid phase chemistries. Representative solution phase techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,210,264, issued May 11, 1993 and commonly assigned with this invention. Representative solid phase techniques are those typically employed for DNA and RNA synthesis utilizing standard phosphoramidite chemistry. (see, e.g., Protocols For Oligonucleotides And Analogs, Agrawal, S., ed., Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., 1993.) A preferred synthetic solid phase synthesis utilizes phosphoramidites as activated phosphates. The phosphoramidites utilize P^(III) chemistry. The intermediate phosphite compounds are subsequently oxidized to the P^(V) state using known methods. This allows for synthesis of the preferred phosphodiester or phosphorothioate phosphate linkages depending upon oxidation conditions selected. Other phosphate linkages can also be generated. These include phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, alkyl phosphonates, phosphoroselenates and phosphoamidates.

[0064] The alkane glycol moieties can be substituted with various functional groups. When the monomeric compounds are linked together, these functional groups provide diverse properties (“diversity”) to the resulting oligomeric compounds. The functional groups include hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, ionic moieties, polar moieties, hydrophobic moieties, aromatic centers, and electron-donors and acceptors. Together, the properties of the individual monomers contribute to the uniqueness of the oligomers in which they are found. Thus, a library of such oligomers would have a myriad of properties, i.e., “diversity.” Collectively, the properties of the individual monomers that together for form an oligomer contribute to the uniqueness of such oligomer and impart certain characteristics thereto for interaction with cellular, enzymatic or nucleic acid target sites. The functional groups can be directly linked to the alkane glycol “core” or “back-bone” portion of the monomeric units or they can be connected thereto via a suitable tether. As will be recognized, the core portion of the monomeric units is formed from an alkane glycol moiety such as an ethylene glycol moiety. Hence, the oligomeric compounds of the invention are formed from a plurality of alkane glycol units, e.g., ethylene glycol units, that bear functional groups and are linked together via phosphate linkages.

[0065] In a preferred process for preparing compounds of the invention, the alkane glycol cores are generated by ring-opening an epoxide compound. Preferred compounds are those where the variable j in structure I, above, is 1. This preference stems from the fact that stereospecific monomeric compounds wherein j=1 can be prepared and, when incorporated into oligomeric structures, maintain their stereospecificity. Other members of this series, e.g., j=2 to 6, are prepared by methods analogous to those used to prepare compounds wherein j=1. Since larger homologs are generally less stable, they preferably are prepared and used in situ. Such preparation and use can be effected generally in accordance with the methods of Ko, et al., J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 5413; Ko, et. al., J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 667; and Klunder, et. al., J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 1295. Thus, 3,4-epoxy-1-butanol, 4,5-epoxy-1-pentanol, 5,6-epoxy-1-hexanol, 6,7-epoxy-1-heptanol, and 7,8-epoxy-1-octanol can be prepared and used in situ to provide compounds of structure I wherein j=2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Glycidol (2,3-epoxy-1-propanol or oxiranemethanol) is particularly suitable for the preparation of compounds wherein j=1 since upon ring opening it can supply both a primary hydroxyl group and a secondary hydroxyl group that can be included in a phosphate linkage in an oligomeric compound of the invention. The primary hydroxy group derives from the alkanol, i.e., —CH₂OH, portion of glycidol, whereas the secondary hydroxyl group is generated upon ring opening of glycidol's epoxide ring.

[0066] Monomeric Compounds of the invention can be prepared by nucleophilic addition of a functional group (or a tether for such functional group) to an epoxide ring-containing starting material. Generally, this addition is effected in a suitable solvent in the presence of a catalyst, as depicted in FIG. 1. Where necessary, transient protecting groups are used to protect reactive functional groups.

[0067] Nucleophilic addition to the epoxide ring is an S_(n) 2 reaction that occurs exclusively at the C-1 carbon. In compounds of structure I wherein j=1, racemic or nonracemic glycidol can be used as a starting material. When nonracemic (i.e., chiral) glycidol is used, the product is also nonracemic (see, Hanson, Chemical Reviews 1991, 91, 437). This affords a simple way to acquire optically active monomers as well as oligomers incorporating such monomers.

[0068] For purposes of assigning names, compounds of the invention having structure I can be considered as substituted alkane compounds. For example, when j=1, the resulting compound can be considered a substituted propane compound. Opening of an epoxide ring by nucleophilic addition of a functional group or a tether group yields a substituted diol compound, for example, a 1-substituted 2,3-diol propane having the functional group or the tether linked to the C1 carbon of the alkane moiety. The 1-substituted propane 2,3-diol has both a primary hydroxyl group (i.e., the hydroxyl linked to the C3 carbon, the hydroxy methyl group of the glycidol moiety) and a secondary hydroxyl group (i.e., the hydroxyl group linked to the C2 carbon resulting from the opening of the epoxide ring of glycidol).

[0069] Although compounds of the invention having structure II wherein j=1 are considered as propane compounds on a monomeric level, they are considered as substituted ethylene glycol compounds on and oligomeric level since only two of the three carbon atoms of the monomeric propane unit are included in the oligomeric backbone. By extension, butanol monomeric compounds (j=2) become substituted propylene glycol oligomeric compounds, and so on for higher analogs. Thus, when a propane diol monomer is incorporated into oligomeric compounds of the invention, the C2 and C3 carbons of the propane diol moiety become part of the oligomeric ethylene glycol core whereas the C1 carbon of the propane moiety becomes an integral part of either a tether or a functional group extending from the core.

[0070] To facilitate inclusion into phosphate-linked oligomeric compounds of the invention, alkane diol-containing monomers that bear functional groups are activated with either an activated phosphite or activate phosphate moiety. Prior to phosphitylation of a secondary hydroxyl group (e.g., when j=1, the C2 propane diol hydroxyl group), the primary hydroxyl group (e.g., when j=1, the C3 propane diol hydroxyl group) is protected. Protection of the primary hydroxyl is effected either before or after ring opening of the epoxide ring. Since addition of a protecting group to the methylhydroxyl group of glycidol renders its epoxide ring less reactive to unassisted nucleophilic addition, protection of the primary hydroxyl group normally will be effected after opening unless other considerations override such post-ring opening protection. When using nucleophiles that can react with the primary hydroxyl croup, protection of the hydroxyl group before ring opening (“pre-ring opening”) is effected. Such pre-ring opening protection is utilized, for example, for the addition of Grignard reagents and other like reagents.

[0071] An acid labile protecting group such as a member of the trityl family preferably should be used for protection of the primary hydroxyl group, whether such protection is effected before or after ring opening. The trityl family includes at least trityl, monomethoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl and trimethoxytrityl. The dimethoxytrityl group is preferred and can be added by reacting the primary hydroxyl group with 4,4,-dimethoxytrityl chloride. Other hydroxyl protecting groups can be used, such as those described by Beaucage, et al., Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 2223.

[0072] Following protection of the primary hydroxyl group and ring opening, in either order, the secondary hydroxyl group is converted to an activated phosphorus moiety, preferably an activated phosphite moiety. Phosphitylation can be effected with a suitable reagent such as chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine. Phosphitylation yields a protected monomer that bears either an activated phosphite moiety or an activated phosphate moiety and is suitable for incorporation in to phosphate linked oligomeric compounds of the invention.

[0073] Oligomeric compounds of the invention can be synthesized by the methods illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. The depicted synthetic strategy places an emphasis on the ease with which widely different functional groups can be incorporated onto a rigid intermediate. The monomers, as activated phosphates or activated phosphites, are oligomerized either in predetermined sequences using, for example, standard oligonucleotide-type synthetic procedures on a DNA synthesizer or in random sequences using, for example, a combinatorial technique such as the above-described SURF technique.

[0074] Monomer units bearing protected or unprotected functional groups can be prepared as described in the examples below. If the functional groups is such that it will react with other moieties or reagents during phosphitylation or oligomerization, the functional group can be protected with a protecting group, preferably a base labile protecting group that is removed upon completion of oligomer synthesis.

[0075] A first group of preferred monomeric compounds of the invention are prepared by nucleophilic addition of an active nitrogen-containing heterocycle to glycidol. For the purposes of this patent application, nitrogen-containing heterocycles are single or multi-cyclic compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom. The heterocycle can contain heteroatoms other nitrogen atoms. Such other heteroatoms include but are not limited to oxygen and sulfur. A particularly preferred group of heterocycles are synthetic and natural purine and pyrimidine nucleobases, e.g., adenine, guanine, cytosine, uridine, thymine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 5-halo uracil and cytosine, 6-aza uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudo uracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, amino, thiol, thiolalkyl, hydroxyl and other 8 substituted adenines and guanines, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5 substituted uracils and cytosines and 7-methylguanine. Other purines and pyrimidines include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in the Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, J. I. Kroschwitz, Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990 at pages 858-859 and those disclosed by Englisch, et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition 1991, 30, 613.

[0076] Such nitrogen-containing heterocycles can be added to either glycidol or R-(+)-glycidol in a suitable solvent in the presence of the catalyst such as potassium carbonate, as illustrated in FIG. 2. Where necessary, exocyclic functional groups on the nitrogen heterocycles are protected via transient protection. Particularly useful transient protecting groups for nucleobase exocyclic functional groups are chlorotrimethylsilane, benzoyl chloride, and isobutyryl chloride. The protected compound is then tritylated with 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride in pyridine to protect its primary hydroxy group. Phosphitylation with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine and diisopropylethylamine in tetrahdrofuran (THF) yields the corresponding phosphoramidite monomer, which can be incorporated into an oligomeric compound of the invention.

[0077] Other nitrogen-containing heterocycles that can be used as functional groups include imidazole, pyrrole, immidazolyl, pyrazole, indole, 1H-indazole, β-carboline, carbazole, phenothiazine, and phenoxazine. A more preferred groups of the nitrogen heterocycle includes imidazole, pyrrole or carbazole. Imidazole is especially preferred.

[0078] In preparing monomeric compounds including such heterocycles, protection of exocyclic functional groups with base labile protecting groups is effected as with the nucleobases noted above, the resulting compound is tritylated with 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride, and phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine to give the desired monomeric compound.

[0079] Further preferred monomeric compounds of the invention can be prepared by addition of alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl organo-metallic reagents to an epoxide ring-containing starting material, e.g., to the 2,3-epoxy ring of glycidol. This is illustrated in FIG. 3. For preparation of such compounds, the primary hydroxy group of the starting material (e.g., the methylhydroxyl group of glycidol) is protected with an acid labile protecting group prior to opening the epoxide ring. As above, suitable as a protecting group is one of the trityl family of protecting groups. Thus, for example, addition of an organomagnesium reagent to 1-O-dimethoxytrityl glycidol can be effected in the presence of dilithium zetrachlorocuprate in a suitable solvent. Phosphitylation using chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine then yields the monomeric compound as the phosphoramidite.

[0080] Still further preferred monomeric compounds of the invention can be prepared by nucleophilic addition of ammonia to glycidol. This is illustrated in FIG. 4. The product of this reaction, 1-amino-2,3-propandiol, can be protected with benzoylchloride and the protected compound converted to the DMT-phosphoramidite for incorporation into an oligomer. Alternatively, the amino group of 1-amino-2,3-propandiol can be further functionalized. Functional groups can be attached to the nitrogen directly or via a tether, either by alkylation or acylation. Following functionalization, protection with 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride and phosphitylation with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine is effected to give the phosphoramidite monomer for inclusion into an oligomeric compound of the invention.

[0081] In using the amino group of the above noted 1-amino alkane diol compound as a point for connecting a tether to the alkane diol, the amino group can be reacted either by acylation or alkylation. In one such reaction, the amino group is reacted with a bifunctional linking group, that is, a compound having a first reactive group for linking to the alkane glycol monomeric compound and a second reactive group for linking to the functional group that is being attached to the alkane glycol monomeric compound. One group of bifunctional linking groups or tethers that are particularly preferred are the cyclic anhydrides, including succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, glutaric anhydride. Thus, for example, the above-noted 1-amino-2,3-propandiol can be reacted with succinic anhydride to form an amide linkage between the propane diol and the succinyl tether croup. The other end of the succinyl tether then can be functionalized by, for example, the formation of an ester or amide link with a moiety bearing the desired functional group. This is followed by reaction with 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride and then chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine to give the phosphoramidite monomer for inclusion into oligomeric compounds of the invention.

[0082] Other acyl groups can be used in addition to an amide acyl group to link a tether to the above-described 1-amino-2,3-propandiol. Upon acylation of the 1-amino group, such other groups form carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, ureido, thioureido, and sulfonamido linkages. Carbamates and thiocarbamates are formed by the reaction of an appropriate chloroformate or thiochloroformate compound with the amino group of the 1-amino-2,3-propandiol. Ureas are formed by reaction of amino-2,3-propandiol with isocynates or thioisocyanates, and sulfonamides are formed by reaction of 1-amino-2,3-propandiol with a sulfonyl chloride. The other end of the tether (i.e., the one not used in linking the tether to amine) is selected so as to be reactive with the functional group that is being attached to the monomeric unit. Acyl linkages, including esters, amides, carbamates, ureas and the like, are also useful for this attachment.

[0083] Another group of particularly useful bifunctional linking moieties or tethers are certain heterobifunctional or homobifunctional linkers available from Pierce, Rockford Ill. These include various di-imidates, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters and sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide esters. Representative di-imidates include dimethyl adipimidate, dimethyl pimelimidate, dimethyl suberimidate and the like. Representative N-hydroxysuccinimide esters and sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide esters include disuccinimidyl suberate, bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate and the like.

[0084] A further preferred group of tether compounds include alkyl, alkenyl and aryl compounds. These can be used to alkylate the amino group of 1-amino alkane diol compounds directly, e.g, by addition of alkyl, alkenyl or aryl organo-metallic reagents to the epoxide ring of a suitable starting material. The tether, in turn, can be further functionalized with a functional group.

[0085] Preferred functional groups are: alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups that are optionally substituted with one or more halogens, OR₁, SR₁, NR₁R₂, C(═NH)NR₁R₂, NHC(═NH)NR₁R₂, CH═O, C(═O)OH, C(═O)NR₁R₂, CH(NH₂) (C(═O)OH); aryl and aralkyl groups that are optionally substituted with one or more halogens, OH, SH, SCH₁, NR₁R₂; adamantyl; NR₁R₂; heterocycle; purine; pyrimidine; phosphate; polyether; polyethylene glycol or metal coordination groups.

[0086] Alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups according to the invention include but are not limited to substituted and unsubstituted straight chain, branch chain, and alicyclic hydrocarbons, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl and other higher carbon alkyl groups. Further examples include 2-methylpropyl, 2-methyl-4-ethylbutyl, 2,4-diethylpropyl, 3-propylbutyl, 2,8-dibutyldecyl, 6,6-dimethyloctyl, 6-propyl-6-butyloctyl, 2-methylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl and other branched chain groups, allyl, crotyl, propargyl, 2-pentenyl and other unsaturated groups, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, adamantane as well as other alicyclic groups, 3-penten-2-one, 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-cyanooctyl, 3-methoxy-4-heptanal, 3-nitrobutyl, 4-isopropoxydodecyl, 4-azido-2-nitrodecyl, 5-mercaptononyl, 4-amino-1-pentenyl as well as other substituted groups.

[0087] Aryl groups according to the invention include but are not limited to substituted and unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbyl groups such as phenyl and naphthyl groups. Aralkyl groups include but are not limited to groups having both aryl and alkyl functionality, such as benzyl and xylyl groups.

[0088] Metal coordination groups according to the invention include but are not limited to hydroxamic acids, catecholamide, acetylacetone, 2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, diacetic acid, pyridine-2-carboxamide, isoalkyldiamine, thiocarbamato, oxalate, glycl, histidyl and terpyridyl. Other metal coordination groups are known, as for example see Mellor, D. P., Chemistry of Chelation and Chelating Agents in International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Section 70, The Chelation of Heavy Metals, Levine, W. G. Ed., Pergamon Press, Elmford, N.Y., 1979.

[0089] Solid supports according to the invention include controlled pore glass (CPG), oxalyl-controlled pore glass (see, e.g., Alul, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 1991, 19, 1527), TentaGel Support—an aminopolyethyleneglycol derivatized support (see, e.g., Wright, et al., Tetrahedron Letters 1993, 34, 3373) or Poros—a copolymer of polystyrene/divinylbenzene.

[0090] A number of substituent groups can be introduced into compounds of the invention in a protected (blocked) form and subsequently de-protected to form a final, desired compound. In general, protecting groups render chemical functionality inert to specific reaction conditions and can be appended to and removed from such functionality in a molecule without substantially damaging the remainder of the molecule. See, e.g., Green and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991. For example, amino groups can be protected as phthalimide groups or as 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) groups and carboxyl groups can be protected as fluorenylmethyl groups. Representative hydroxyl protecting groups are described by Beaucage, et al., Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 2223.

[0091] Substituent groups according to the invention include but are not limited to halogen (Cl, Br, F), hydroxyl (OH), thiol (SH), keto (C═O), carboxyl (COOH), ethers, thioethers, amidine (C(═NH)NR₃R₄, guanidine (NHC(═NH)NR₃R₄, glutamyl CH(NR₃R₄) (C(═O)OR₅), nitrate (ONO₂), nitro (NO₂), nitrile (CN), trifluoromethyl (CF₃), trifluoromethoxy (OCF₃), O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino (NH₂), azido (N₃), hydrazino (NHNH₂), hydroxylamino (ONH₂), sulfoxide (SO), sulfone (SO₂), sulfide (S—), disulfide (S—S), silyl, heterocyclic, alicyclic and carbocyclic. Preferred substituents include halogens, alcohols and ethers (OR₁), thiols and thioethers (SR₂), amines (NR₃R₄), amidines [C(═NH)NR₃R₄], guanidines [NHC(═NH)NR₃R₄], aldehydes (CH═O), acids [C(═O)OH], esters [C(═O)OR₅], amides [C(═O)NR₃R₄]; and glycine [CH(NH₂) (C(═O)OH)].

[0092] Particularly preferred functional groups according to the invention include monomeric units of at least the following specific functional moieties: thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine, cytosine imidazole, carbazole, aminoethyl, carboxyethyl, phenyl, short and long chain alkyls, and glycine. Other preferred functional groups include amino, benzyl, and tetraethylene glycol groups.

[0093] The compounds of the invention can include conjugate groups covalently bound to primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typical conjugates groups include cholesterols, phospholipids, biotin, phenanthroline, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, enhance oligomer resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with RNA. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 116,801, filed Sep. 3, 1993, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,105. Each of the foregoing is commonly assigned with this application. The entire disclosure of each is incorporated herein by reference.

[0094] Monomeric compounds of the invention can be used to prepare oligomeric compounds having either preselected sequences or sequences determined via combinatorial strategies. One useful combinatorial strategy is the above-noted SURF strategy, which is disclosed and claimed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 749,000, filed Aug. 23, 1991, and PCT Application US92/07121, filed Aug. 21, 1992, both of which are commonly assigned with this application. The entire disclosure of these applications are herein incorporated by reference.

[0095] Monomeric compounds of the invention can be used to prepare oligomeric compounds having either preselected sequences or sequences determined via combinatorial strategies. One useful combinatorial strategy is the above-noted SURF strategy, which is disclosed and claimed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 749,000, filed Aug. 23, 1991, and PCT Application US92/07121, filed Aug. 21, 1992, both of which are commonly assigned with this application. The entire disclosure of these applications are herein incorporated by reference.

[0096] Illustrative of the SURF strategy is a 2′-O-methyl oligonucleotide library (see, Ecker et. al., ibid.) shown in Table I, below. Table I describes the selection of a 2′-O-methyl oligonucleotide for binding to an RNA hairpin. The K_(D)'s, i.e., the binding constants, were determined by gel shift. “X” is used to indicate the position being varied and underlining is used to indicate positions that become fixed during successive iterations of the SURF strategy. TABLE I K_(D) (mM) Subsets X = A X = C X = G X = T Round 1 22 10 >100 >100 NNNNXNNNN Round 2 >10 4 >10 >10 NNNNCNXNN Round 3 >10 0.5 >10 >10 NNXNCNCNN Round 4 >10 0.15 >10 >10 NNCXCNCNN Round 5 0.08 >1 0.4 >1 NNCCCXCNN Round 6 0.05 >0.5 0.08 >0.5 NNCCCACXN Round 7 >0.1 >0.1 0.03 >0.1 NXCCCACAN Round 8 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.04 NGCCCACAX Round 9 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.01 XGCCCACAC

[0097] This SURF strategy has not been used for libraries except those that employ naturally-occurring nucleotides as phosphodiesters or phosphorothioates as monomeric units. Other combinatorial strategies have only been used for libraries that employ amino acids as monomeric units.

[0098] One aspect of the present invention is the inclusion of monomeric compounds having structure I in the above-described SURF strategy. The functional groups appended to these monomeric compounds can be incorporated into the libraries while retaining the advantages of automated phosphoramidite oligomer synthesis. These functional groups can effect interactions of the following types: hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor, ionic, polar, hydrophobic, aromatic, and electron donors and acceptors. Preferred functional groups include aminoethyl, carboxyethyl, adenylmethyl, thyminylmethyl, imidazolylmethyl, benzyl, myristyl, isopropyl, and tetraethylene glycol groups.

[0099] One advantage of the present invention is that the simple design of monomeric compounds of the inventions allows for combining rational drug design with screen mechanisms for thousands of compounds. This is achieved by using the compounds of the invention in a combinatorial techniques such as the SURF strategies.

[0100] In one preferred embodiment, functional groups appended to the monomeric compounds of the invention are selected for their potential to interact with, and preferably inhibit, the enzyme PLA₂. Thus, the compounds of the invention can be used for topical and/or systematic treatment of inflammatory diseases including atopic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease. In selecting the functional groups, advantage can be taken of PLA₂'S preference for anionic vesicles over zwitterionic vesicles. In selecting the backbone that bears these functional groups, further advantage can be taken of fact that the natural substrate of PLA₂ contains a phosphate group. Therefore, phosphodiester or phosphorothioate and other phosphate linked oligomers preferably are selected, providing a negatively charged compound for binding with the positively charged interfacial binding site of PLA2.

[0101] Certain compounds of the invention include aromatic functional groups to facilitate binding to the cleft of the PLA₂ enzyme. (see, Oinuma, et al., J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 2260; Marki, et al., Agents Actions 1993, 38, 202; and Tanaka, et al., J. Antibiotics 1992, 45, 1071). Benzyl and 4-hexylbenzyl groups are preferred aromatic groups. The compounds of the invention can further include hydrophobic functional groups such as tetraethylene glycol groups. Since the PLA₂ enzyme has a hydrophobic channel, hydrophobicity is believed to be an important property of inhibitors of the enzyme.

[0102] In certain embodiments of the invention, phosphoramidite monomeric compounds having structure I are incorporated into libraries of oligomeric compounds and increasingly less complex subsets of oligomers are identified in combinatorial screening techniques such as the above-described SURF technique by successive rounds of screens. In one preferred embodiment, a library of oligomeric compounds functionalized with aminoethyl, carboxyethyl, adenylmethyl, thyminylmethyl, tetraethylene glycol, imidazolylmethyl, benzyl, isopropyl, myristyl or 4-hexylbenzyl groups are prepared and assayed for inhibition of PLA₂ activity. The PLA₂ assay can be effected using a combinatorial screening strategy such as the SURF strategy. For this assay, the oligomer libraries are screened for inhibition of human type II PLA₂ enzymatic activity. Typically, these libraries contain about 8000 different compounds. Successive iterations of the SURF technique is effected to select unique oligomers from the library. The libraries additionally can be screened in other in vitro assays to determine further mechanisms of inhibition.

[0103] Upon identification of oligomers in a first phase of screening, further modifications can be made to the contents of the oligomer libraries. For example, if a first iteration of screening results in an active compound that contains a benzyl group, then in subsequent iterations of the screen this aromatic residue can then be varied using substituted benzyl groups. In this way, structural activity is identified in a stepwise manner to define potent inhibitors of the enzymatic activity.

[0104] To maximize the identification of a tight binding oligomeric inhibitor of PLA₂ via a combinatorial approach, an array of functional groups typically are included in a randomized library. The oligomers are assembled in a manner analogous to oligonucleotide synthesis by the coupling of monomeric, phosphoramidate units wherein the normal nucleotide structure is replaced by more diverse chemical groups. In some of the monomeric units, the nucleobases of nucleotides have been retained. In other, the nucleobases are replaced with other functional groups selected to provide different ligand-ligand interactions than that provided by the nucleobases. The sugar moiety of a normal nucleotide is replaced by an alkylene glycol unit, e.g., an ethylene glycol unit, to form a unique backbone. This methodology provides for a convergent preparation of a large number of monomers bearing a wide variety of functional groups. Where necessary, functional groups are protected with base labile protecting groups to allow one-step deprotection of the oligomer upon completion of the synthesis.

[0105] As noted above, monomeric compounds having structure I can be linked with one another to form homopolymeric structures or they can be linked with nucleotides and/or other moieties to form heteropolymeric structures. For example, chimeric structures can be formed that include one or more regions or “stretches” of the monomeric units of invention joined to one or more regions or “stretches” of naturally occurring or synthetic oligonucleotides or to other synthetic or natural oligomeric compounds such as peptides, peptoids, peptide nucleic acids, oligo and/or polysaccharides. Further, oligomeric compounds having structure II can be incorporated into chimeric structures along with the compounds disclosed in the patent application entitled “Oligonucleotide Mimics Having Nitrogen-Containing Linkages,” bearing attorney docket ISIS-1014, and the patent application entitled “Pyrrolidine-Containing Monomer and Oligomers,” bearing attorney docket ISIS-1237. The foregoing patent applications are filed concurrently with this application, are commonly assigned, and are incorporated herein by reference.

[0106] In the combinatorial synthesis of oligomeric compounds of the invention, the monomers are incorporated into libraries, including libraries suitable for screening for PLA₂ inhibition. The libraries are further useful for screening against other targets of interest. In non-combinatorial synthesis of oligomeric compounds of the invention, the monomeric units are combined in a predetermined sequences using the standard conditions normal used for oligonucleotide synthesis.

[0107] To detect an active sequence generated via a combinatorial technique, the concentration of the active molecule is selected to be of sufficiently great that the molecule can be detected within the sensitivity of the chosen assay. As will be recognized, the number of unique oligomer sequences within a subset produced via a combinatorial technique depends on the length of the oligomer and the number of different monomers employed. The number of sequences can be determined by raising the number of monomers to a power equal to the number of random positions. This is illustrated in Table II. Table II also indicates the concentration of each sequence When the subset concentration is 100 μM, a typical high-test concentration. We have found that the number of monomers and their length can be based upon an estimate of the expected IC₅₀ (i.e., a concentration at which 50% of enzyme activity is inhibited) that is desirable in a final oligomeric compound. For an expected IC₅₀ of 100 nM, the complexities shown in Table II are acceptable, that is, the libraries shown in Table II have complexities that would allow detection of a unique sequence with an IC₅₀ of about 100 nM or less. TABLE II Complexity of Libraries Sequences nM Each Sequence Length Per Subset At 100 μM Subset 5 Monomers 4-mer 125 800 5-mer 625 160 6 Monomers 4-mer 216 463 5-mer 1,296 77 7 Monomers 4-mer 343 291 8 Monomers 4-mer 512 195 10 Monomers 4-mer 1,000 100

[0108] If five monomers are selected for a library, then the library will have a length of five monomer units, XNNNN, where N is an equal molar mixture of monomer units and X is a different monomer unit in each of the five subsets. For ease in synthesis, the fixed position can be selected as the right end of the molecule. After assay for inhibition of PLA₂ activity as described below, position X is fixed with the residue giving the greatest inhibition and the next subset is synthesized and screened. The fixed position then shifts towards the left end of the oligomer as unrandomization proceeds. Five rounds of synthesis and screening are required to determine a unique inhibitor.

[0109] The monomer units of the invention are linked to form oligomeric compounds using standard phosphoramidite chemistry that is used for standard synthesis of oligonucleotides. Since the coupling rates of functionalized alkylene glycol monomers may vary, the reactivity of the individual monomers can adjusted such that equal molar incorporation of each monomer at each randomized position is effected. Adjusting for the reactivity of the monomers can be effected as in the examples below. A further technique for effecting such adjustment is disclosed in the United States patent application entitled “Random Oligonucleotide Libraries And Methods Of Making The Same,” bearing attorney docket ISIS-1009. The foregoing patent application is being filed concurrently with this application, is commonly assigned, and is incorporated herein by reference.

[0110] In a SURF screening strategy the amount of oligomer is selected such that the concentration of each subset in the initial round of screening is relatively high (about 100 μM) It is presently preferred to synthesize oligomers using a DNA synthesizer. On such synthesizers the oligomers are most conveniently synthesized on a 1 to 4 μmol scale. Given the concentration of a subset of libraries at about 100 μm, the assays preferably are performed in a small volume of less than about 200 μL.

[0111] Exemplary compounds of the invention are illustrated in the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting.

EXAMPLE 1 1-(1-Thymine)-2,3-propandiol

[0112] To a stirred solution of thymine (4.2 g, 33 mmol) in dry dimethylformamide (DMF, 30 ml) was added R-(−)-glycidol (2.2 g, 30 mmol), and potassium carbonate (50 mg, 0.36 mmol). The suspension was heated to 80° C. for five hours then evaporated. The products were diluted with methanol (25 ml) and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:methanol (9:1, v/v), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation furnished the N(1) substituted material free from N(1), N(3 ) disubstituted material to yield 3.08 g (60%). ¹NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ, 1.8 (s, 3, CH₃); 3.35 (bm, 3, CHOHCH ₂ OH); 3.7 and 3.9 (2 m, 2, NCH₂); 4.7 (bs, 1, CH₂CH, exchanges with D₂O); 5.0 (bs, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 7.4 (s, 1, H-6); 11.2 (bs, 1, NH, exchanges with D₂O). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₁₂N₂O₄ (200.193): 47.99% C, 6.04% H, 13.99% N; found: 47.35% C 6.10% H, 13.67% N.

EXAMPLE 2 1-(1-Thymine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol

[0113] To a stirred solution of 1-(1-thymine)-2,3-propandiol (2.079 g, 12.4 mmol) in dry pyridine (30 ml) was added 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (4.4 g, 13 mmol). The suspension was stirred at room temperature for four hours. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethylamine (3/2/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 3.39 g (54%, ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ, 1.8 (s, 3, CH₃); 2.9 (m, 2, CH₂ODMT); 3.8 (s, 6, OCH₃); 3.9 (m, 2, NCH₂); 5.3 (d, 1, OH, exchanges with D₂O); 6.9 (m, 4, trityl); 7.3 (m, 9, trityl); 11.2 (s, 1, NH, exchanges with D₂O).

EXAMPLE 3 1-(1-Thymine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0114] A stirred solution of 1-(1-thymine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (3.39 g, 6.7 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.4 ml, 14 mmol) in dry THF (35 ml) was cooled to 10° C. in an ice bath. Chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine (1.5 ml, 6.7 mmol) was added. After stirring at room temperature for four hours the reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethylamine (1:1:1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 2.78 g (61%). ¹H NMR (CD₃CN): δ, 1.2 (m, 12, 6 CH₃); 1.75 (d, 3, CH₃); 2.45 and 2.6 (2 t, 2, CH₂ODMT); 3.8 (d, 6, OCH₃); 6.9 and 7.3 (2 m, 14, trityl); 9.3 (bs, 1, NH, exchanges with D₂O). ³¹P NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 150.19 and 150.66. Anal. calcd. for C₃₈H₄₇N₄O₇P (702.786): 64.94% C, 6.74% H, 7.97% N; found: 64.60% C, 6.91% H, 7.80% N.

EXAMPLE 4 1-(1-Imidazole)-2,3-propandiol

[0115] A rapidly stirred solution of imidazole (13.6 g, 0.2 mole) in DMF (250 mL) was treated with powdered potassium carbonate (12 g) and heated to 70° C. for 30 min. To this solution was added glycidol (14.8 g, 0.2 mole) in one portion and the mixture stirred at this temperature for 36 hr. The resulting yellow suspension was filtered and the filtrate was rotary evaporated to afford a clear red syrup. The syrup was coevaporated with acetonitrile (100 mL) and then flash-chromatographed on a 10.5×10 cm silica gel column. A step gradient elution of ethyl acetate-methanol (9:1, 2L then 4:1, 2L) gave the imidazole product as an amorphous solid, 16 g, (56%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ, 7.55, 7.10 and 6.84 (3 s, 3, imidazole); 5.08 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 4.85 (t, 1, CH₂OH, exchanges with D₂O); 4.05 and 3.83 (2 dd, 2, CH₂) ; 3.55 (m, 1, methine); 3.30 and 3.18 (2 m, 2, CH ₂OH). Anal. calcd. for C₆H₁₁N₂O₂ (142.157): 50.69% C, 7.09% H, 19.71% N; found: 50.59% C, 7.07% H, 19.59% N.

EXAMPLE 5 1- (1-Imidazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol

[0116] To a stirred solution of 1-(1-imidazole)-2,3-propandiol (1.0 g, 7.0 mmol) in dry pyridine (15 ml) and dry DMF (15 ml) was added 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (2.61 g, 7.7 mmol). The suspension was stirred at room temperature for four hours. An additional equivalent of the trityl compound was added (2.61 g, 7.7 mmol). Stirring was continued for an additional 23 hours and the mixture was evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with methanol:ethyl acetate:triethylamine (1/19/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 432 mg (14%). ¹H NMR (DMSO -d ₆): δ, 2.78, 2.95 (2 m, 1, CH₂ODMT); 3.7 (s, 6, 2 OCH₃); 3.85 (bm, 1, CHOH); 3.95 and 4.1 (2 m, 2, NCH₂); 5.25 (d, 1, OH, exchanges with D₂O); 6.7 to 7.5 (m, 13/3, DMT/imidazole).

EXAMPLE 6 1-(1-Imidazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0117] A solution of 1-(1-imidazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (432 mg, 0.97 mmol) and N-N-diisopropylethylamine (252 mg, 3.5 mmol) in dry DMF (35 ml) was cooled to 5° C. in an ice bath. Chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine (233 mg, 1.1 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one half hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethylamine (7/3/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 498 mg (80%). ¹H NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 0.9 to 1.2 (m, 12, CH₃); 3.8 (d, 6, OCH₃); 6.75 to 7.5 (M, 13/3, ODMT/imidazole). ³¹P NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 149.83 and 150.68.

EXAMPLE 7 1-(1-Carbazole)-2,3-propandiol

[0118] A rapidly stirred solution of carbazole (14 g, 83 mmole) and R-(−)-glycidol (6.20 g/83 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (300 mL) was treated with powdered potassium carbonate (2.3 g) and the mixture heated to 70° C. for 18 hr. The resulting yellow suspension was filtered and then rotary evaporated to afford a yellow syrup. The syrup was coevaporated with acetonitrile (110 mL) and then flash-chromatographed on a 10.5×10 cm silica gel column. Elution with ethyl acetate gave the carbazole product as an amorphous solid, 8.25 g, (41%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ, 8.13, 7.60, 7.23 and 7.10 (4 m, 8, carbazole); 5.03 and 4.90 (2 s, 2, hydroxyls, exchange with D₂O); 4.47 and 4.27 (2 dd, 2, CH₂); 3.90 (m, 1, methine); 3.40 (m, 2, CH ₂OH). Anal. calcd. for C₁₅H₁₅NO₂ (241.289): 74.66% C, 6.27% H, 5.80% N; found: 74.32% C, 6.25% H, 5.76% N.

EXAMPLE 8 1-(1-Carbazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol

[0119] To a solution of 1-(1-carbazole)-2,3-propandiol (1.1 g, 4.5 mmol) in dry pyridine (40 ml) was added 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (1.54 g, 4.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for three hours and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethylamine (1/9/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 976 mg (39%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆); δ, 2.9 to 3.1 (2 m, 2, CH₂ODMT); 3.7 (s, 6, 2 OCH₃); 4.1 (m, 1, CHCH; 4.3 to 4.5 (2 m, 2, NCH₂ ); 5.2 (d, 1, OH, exchanges with D₂O); 6.8 to 8.2 (m, 21, carbazole and trityl). Anal. calcd. for C₃₆ H₃₃NO₄ (543.661): 79.53% C, 6.12% H, 2.58% N; found: 79.28% C, 6.34% H, 2.70% N.

EXAMPLE 9 1-(1-Carbazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0120] Chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine (403 mg, 1.7 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-(1-carbazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (916 mg, 1.7 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (445 mg, 3.4 mmol) in dry THF (40 ml) at 5° C. At four hours the reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethylamine (1/19/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 850 mg (68%). ¹H NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 0.7 to 1.05 (3 d, 12, CH₃); 3.75 (d, 6, OCH₃); 6.7 to 8.1 (m, 21, carbazole and trityl). ⁻P NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 149.1 and 149.5. Anal. calcd. for C₄₅H₅₀N₃O₅P (743.881): 72.66% C, 6.77% H, 5.65% N; found: 72.62% C, 6.76% H, 5.61% N.

EXAMPLE 10 1-(1-Uracil)-2,3-propandiol

[0121] Uracil (21.56 g, 192 mmol) is dissolved in dry DMF (500 ml) with heating and R-(+)-glycidol (15.1 g, 203 mmol) is added. The suspension is heated to 70° C. At four hours the reaction is evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:methanol (19/1, v/v), pooling of appropriate fractions and evaporation gave a yield of 15.62 g (44%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆); δ, 3.35 (m, 3,CHOHCH ₂OH); 3.7 and 3.9 (2 m, 2, NCH₂); 5.5 (m, 1, H-5); 7.5 (d, 1, H-6); 11.2 (bs, 1, NH).

EXAMPLE 11 1-(1-Uracil)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol

[0122] Dimethoxytritylchloride (29.8 g, 88 mmol) is added to a solution of 1-(1-uracil)-2,3-propandiol (15.52 g, 84 mmol) in dry pyridine (150 ml). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for twenty two hours and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethylamine (3/2/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 1.1 g (4%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆); δ, 2.8 to 3.0 (2 m, 2, CH₂ODMT); 3.7 (s, 6, 2 OCH₃); 3.85 (m, 1, CHOH); 3.95 (m, 2, NCH₂); 5.3 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 5.41 (d, 1, H-5); 6.85 (d, 4, trityl); 7.3 and 7.4 (2 m, 10, H-6 and trityl); 11.2 (s, 1, NH, exchanges with D2O).

EXAMPLE 12 1-(1-Uracil)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0123] A stirred solution of 1-(1-uracil)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (598 mg, 1.2 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (158 mg, 1.2 mmol) in dry THF (35 ml) was cooled to 10° C. in an ice bath. Chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine (286 mg, 1.2 mmol) was added. After stirring at room temperature for four hours the reaction mixture is evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethylamine (1:1:1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 368 mg (42%). ¹H NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 1.2 (m, 12,CH₃); 2.45 and 2.6 (2 t, 2,CH₂ODMT); 3.8 (d, 6, OCH₃); 6.9 and 7.3 (2 m, 15, trityl and H-6); 9.3 (bs, 1, NH, exchanges with D₂O). ³¹P NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 154.88 and 155.2.

EXAMPLE 13 1-[9-(N6-Benzoyl)adenine]-2,3-propandiol

[0124] To a stirred solution of adenine (30.0 g, 0.22 mol) in dry DMF (500 ml) was adder R-(+)-glycidol (22.0 ml, 0.33 mol), and potassium carbonate (7.6 g, 55 mmol). The suspension was heated to 80° C. for 20 hours then concentrated. The residue was purified by crystallization from methanol to yield 18.1 g (39%) of the intermediate 1-(9-adenine)-2,3-propandiol. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆); δ, 3.3 to 3.4 (m, 2,CH ₂OH); 3.8 to 3.9 (m, 1, CHOH); 3.9 to 4.1 and 4.3 to 4.4 (2 m, 2, NCH₂; 4.8 to 4.9 (t, 1,CH₂OH, exchanges with D₂O); 5.1 to 5.2 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O; 7.3 (s, 2, NH₂, exchanges with D₂O); 8.0 and 8.1 (2s, 2, C 2)-H, C(8)-H). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₅O₂ (209.207): 45.93% C, 5.30% H, 33.48% N; found: 45.81% C, 5.42% H, 32.93% N.

[0125] To a suspension of 1-(9-adenine)-2,3-propandiol (18.0 g, 86.0 mmol) at 0° C. was added chlorotrimethylsilane (32.7 ml, 257 mmol). After 15 minutes benzoyl chloride (30.0 ml, 259 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and 100 ml cold water was added. After 15 minutes 100 ml cold concentrated ammonium hydroxide was added. After stirring at room temperature for one hour the mixture was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with methanol:ethyl acetate (1/10, v/v), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 4.1 g (14.8%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) : δ, 3.3 to 3.5 (m, 2, CH ₂OH); 3.8 TO 4.0 (m, 1, CHOH); 4.1 to 4.2 and 4.4 to 4.5 (2 m, 2, NCH₂); 4.9 to 5.0 (t, 1,CH₂OH, exchanges with D₂O); 5.2 to 5.3 (d, 1,CHOH, exchanges with D₂C); 7.4 to 8.2 (2 m, 5, benzoyl); 8.4 to 8.8 (2s, 2, C(2)-H, C(8)-H); 11.2 (bs, 1, NH, exchanges with D₂O). Anal. Calc. for C₁₅H₁₅N₅O₃ (313.315): 57.50% C, 4.82% H, 22.35% N; found: 57.24% C, 4.81% H, 21.97% N.

EXAMPLE 14 1-[9-(N6-Benzoyl)adenine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol

[0126] To a solution of 1-[9-(N6-benzoyl)adenine]-2,3-propandiol (4.0 g, 13 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (50 ml) was added 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (4.7 g, 14 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Methanol was added (5 ml) and the mixture was evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with hexane/ethyl acetate/triethylamine (2/8/.1, v/v/v), pooling of appropriate fractions and evaporation yielded 4.2 g (53%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ, 2.9 to 3.1 (2 m, 2,CH₂ODMT); 3.7 to 3.8 (s, 6, OCH₃); 4.1 to 4.5 (m, 3, NCH₂CHOH); 5.4 to 5.5 (d, 1,CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 6.8 to 8.2 (4m, 18, trityl, benzoyl); 8.3 to 8.8 (2s, 2, C(2)-H, C(8)-H); 11.2 (bs, 1, NH, exchanges with D₂O).

EXAMPLE 15 1-[9-(N6-Benzoyl)adenine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0127] To a solution of 1-[9-(N6-benzoyl)adenine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (4.2 g, 6.8 mmol) in anhydrous THF (50 ml) was added diisopropylethylamine (2.9 ml) and chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine (1.5 ml, 6.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The residue was evaporated and purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with hexane/ethyl acetate/triethylamine (2/8/.1, v/v/v), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 4.54 g (82%). ¹H NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 0.9-1.1 (m, 12, CH3); 2.4 to 2.6 (m, 2, CH₂CN); 3.7 to 3.2 (m, 2, CH₂ODMT); 3.4 to 3.7 (m, 3, OCH₂CH₂CN, (CH₃)₂CH); 3.7 to 3.8 (d, 6, OCH3); 4.3 to 4.6 (m, 3, NCH ₂CHOH); 6.8 to 7.7 (3m, 18, trityl, benzoyl); 7.9 to 8.8 (2d, 2, C(2)-H, C(8)-H). ³¹P NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 149.80 and 150.75.

EXAMPLE 16 1-[9-(2-Amino-6-chloro)purine]-2,3-propandiol

[0128] To a solution of 2-amino-6-chloropurine (21.3 g, 125 mmol) in 200 ml anhydrous THF was added R-(+)-glycidol (14.0 g, 187 mmol) and potassium carbonate (3.5 g, 25 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 85° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate/methanol (9/1, v/v) pooling of appropriate fractions and evaporation yielded 11.74 g (38%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆); δ, 3.2 to 3.5 (m, 2,CH ₂OH); 3.7 to 5.3 (2m, 3, NCH ₂CHCH); 4.8 to 4.9 (t, 1, CH₂OH, exchanges with D2O); 5.2 to 5.3 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D2O); 6.8 to 6.9 (s, 2, NH₂, exchanges with D₂O); 8.0 (s, 1, C(8)H). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₅O₂Cl (243.652): 39.44% C, 4.14% H, 28.74% N; found: 39.41% C, 4.12% H. 28.45% N.

EXAMPLE 17 1-(9-Guanine)-2,3-propandiol

[0129] 1-[9-(2-Amino-6-chloro)purine]-2,3-propandiol (2.62 g, 11 mmol) is stirred in 1N HCl (aq, 100 ml) at 85° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath and rendered basic with concentrated ammonium hydroxide to pH 10. The product was filtered off as a crystalline solid. Yield was 2.04 g (84%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆); δ, 3.2 to 3.4 (m, 2,CH ₂OH); 3.7 TO 4.2 (M, 3, NCH ₂CHOH); 4.7 to 4.9 (t, 1, CH₂OH, exchanges with D₂O); 5.1 to 5.2 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 6.6 (s, 2, NH₂, exchanges with D₂O); 7.7 (s, 1, C(8)-H); 10.7 (s, 1, NH, exchanges with D₂O) Anal. calcd. for C₈H₁₁N₅O₃ (225.207): 42.67% C, 4.92% H, 31.10% N; found: 42.28% C, 4.88% H, 30.85% N.

EXAMPLE 18 1-[9-(N2-Isobutyryl)guanine]-2,3-propandiol

[0130] To a solution of 1-(9-guanine)-2,3-propandiol (17.0 g, 75.5 mmol) in pyridine (400 ml) at 0° C. was added chlorotrimethylsilane (28.6 ml, 225 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at 0° C. then for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was recooled to 0° C. and isobutyryl chloride (23.7 ml, 226 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and 100 ml ice cold water was added followed in 15 minutes by 100 ml ice cold ammonium hydroxide. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, evaporated to near dryness, methanol added to precipitate unwanted byproducts and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate/methanol (9/1, v/v), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield so 13.8 g (62%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆); δ, 1 to 1.2 (d, 6, CH₃); 2.7 to 2.9 (m, 1, COCH); 3.3 to 3.5 (m, 2, CH ₂OH); 3.8 to 3.9 m, 1, CHOH); 3.9 to 4.3 (2 m, 2, NCH₂); 4.8 TO 4.9 (t, 1, CH2OH, exchanges with D₂O); 5.1 to 5.2 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 7.9 (s, 1, C(8)-H); 11.6 to 12.2 (2s, 2, NH, CONH, both exchange with D20). Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇N₅O₄ (295.297): 48.81% C, 5.80% H, 23.72% N; found: 48.36% C, 5.62% H, 23.10% N.

EXAMPLE 19 1-[9-(N2-Isobutyryl)guanine-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol

[0131] To a suspension of 1-[9-(N2-isobutyryl)guanine]-2,3-propandiol (5.3 g, 18 mmol) in pyridine (100 ml) was added 4,4′-dimethoxytritylchloride (6.69 g, 20 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 4 hours at room temperature. After quenching with methanol the mixture was evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with methanol:ethyl acetate:triethylamine (5/95/1, %/%/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 4.9 g (45%). ¹ H NMR (DMSO d₆); δ, 1.1 to 1.2 (d, 6, CH₃); 2.7 to 3.1 (m, 3, CH₂ODMT, COCH); 3.7 to 3.9 (s, 6, OCH₃); 4.1 to 4.3 (m, 3, NCH ₂CHOH); 5.4 TO 5.5 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 6.7 to 8.0 (m, 14, trityl, C(8)-H); 11.5 to 12 (2bs, 2, NH, CONH, both exchange with D2O).

EXAMPLE 20 1-[9-(N-Isobutyryl)guanine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0132] To a solution of 1-[9-(N2-isobutyryl)guanine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (13.12 g, 22 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (10 ml) in THF (200 ml), at 0° C., was added chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophine (5.6 ml, 25 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The reaction was concentrated and the residue purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate with 1% triethylamine, pooling of appropriate fractions and evaporation gave a yield of 8.62 g (49%). ¹H NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 1.0 to 1.2 (m, 18, CH₃); 2.4 to 2.8 (m, 2, CH₂CN); 2.8 to 3.0 (m, 1, COCH); 3.1 to 3.3 (m, 2, CH₂ODMT); 3.4 to 3.8 (m, 9, OCH ₂CH₂CN, (CH₃)₂CH, OCH₃); 4.2 to 4.4 (m, 3, NCH₂CHO); 6.7 to 7.7 (m, 14, trityl, C(8)-H; 12.3 (BS, 2, NH, CONH, both exchange with D2O). ³¹P NMR (CO₃CN); d, 150.15 and 150.48.

EXAMPLE 21 1-(1-Cytosine)-2,3-propandiol

[0133] A solution of cytosine (11.0 g, 99 mmol), R-(+)-glycidol (8.9 g, 120 mmol), and potassium carbonate 6.9 g, 50 mmol) was stirred in DMF (300 ml) at 85° C. for 22 hours. The crude reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate evaporated. This residue was crystallized from methanol to give a yield of 10.5 g (57%). ¹H NMR (DMSO d₆, δ, 3.2 to 3.5 (m, 3, CHOHCH ₂OH); 3.6 to 3.7 (m, 1, NCH₂); 3.8 to 4.0 (dd, 1, NCH₂); 4.7 to 4.8 (t, 1, CH₂OH, exchanges with D₂C; 4.9 to 5.1 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 5.6 to 5.7 (d, 1, C(5)-H); 7.0 to 7.1 (bs, 2, NH₂, exchanges with D₂O); 7.4 to 7.5 (d, 1, C(6)-H).

EXAMPLE 22 1-[1-(N4-Benzoyl)cytosine]-2,3-propandiol

[0134] To an ice cold suspension of 1-(1-cytosine)-2,3-propandiol (11.11 g, 60 mmol) in pyridine (400 ml) was added chlorotrimethylsilane. This mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at ice bath temperature. Benzoyl chloride was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and ice cold water (100 ml) was added. After stirring for 15 minutes ice cold ammonium hydroxide (100 ml) was added. The reaction fixture was stirred for 15 minutes and concentrate. Water (400 ml) was added and the mixture was heated to almost boiling. The desired product was filtered as a solid. After drying the yield was 15.31 g (88%). ¹H NMR (DMSO d6); δ, 3.3 to 3.6 (m, 3, CHOHCH ₂OH); 3.7 to 3.9 (bs, 1, NCH₂); 4.1 to 4.3 (d, 1, NCH ₂; 4.7 to 4.9 (t, 1, CH₂OH, exchanges with D₂O); 5.1 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 7.2 to 7.3 (d, 1, C(5)-H); 7.5 to 7.7 (m, 3, benzoyl); 8.0 to 8.1 (d, 3, C(6)-H, benzoyl); 10.5 to 11 (bs, 1, NH, exchanges with D₂O).

EXAMPLE 23 1-[1-(N4-Benzoyl)cytosine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol

[0135] A solution of 1-[1(N4-benzoyl)cytosine]-2,3-propandiol (7.0 g, 24 mmol) and 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (9.84, 29 mmol) in pyridine (100 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate is evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethyl amine (6/4/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions and evaporation gave a yield of (52%). ¹H NMR (DMSO d₆); δ, 2.9 to 3.1 (m, 2, CH ₂ODMT); 3.6 to 3.9 (m, 7, OCH₃, CHOH); 4 to 4.3 (2 m, 2, NCH₂); 5.3 to 5.4 (d, 1, OH, exchanges with D₂O); 6.8 to 8.2 (3m, 20, trityl, benzoyl, C(5)-H, C(6-H); 11.2 (s, 1, NH, exchanges with D₂O).

EXAMPLE 24 1-[1-(N4-Benzoyl)cytosine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0136] To a solution of 1-[1-(N4-benzoyl)cytosine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (7.48 g, 13 mmol) and diisopropyl-ethylamine (5.5 ml) in THF (50 ml) was added chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N-N-diisopropylaminophosphine (3.2 ml, 14 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethylamine (1/1/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions and evaporation gave a yield of 5.7 g (57%). ¹H NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 1 to 1.2 (m, 12, CH₃); 2.4 to 2.7 (2t, 2, CH₂CN; 3.1 TO 3.3 (m, 2, CH ₂ODMT); 3.5 to 4.0 (m, 11, OCH ₂CH₂CN, CH(CH₃)₂, OCH₃, NCH₂CH); 4.1 to 4.4 (m, 2, NCH₂); 6.6 to 8.0 (m, 20, trityl, benzoyl, C(5)-H, C(6)-H). ³¹P NMR (CD₃CN); δ, 154.5 and 155.1.

EXAMPLE 25 1-O-Dimethoxytritylglycidol

[0137] Glycidol (4.4 ml, 67 mmol) and triethylamine (19 ml, 136 mmol) was stirred in 120 ml anhydrous dichloromethane. Dimethoxytritylchloride (22.7 g, 67 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate evaporated. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with water and then brine. Coarse silica gel was added and the material was evaporated. This material was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with hexane:ethyl acetate:triethylamine (19/1/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 16.6 g (65%). ¹H NMR (DMSO d₆); δ, 2.6 to 2.9 (2t, 2, ring CH₂); 3.1 to 3.2 (m, 1, CH); 3.2 to 3.4 (2m, 2, CH₂); 3.7 (s, 1, OCH₃); 6.8 TO 7.4 (3m, 13, trityl).

EXAMPLE 26 1-O-Dimethoxytrityl-4-phenyl-2-butanol

[0138] Benzylmagnesiumchloride (55 ml, 2M solution, 110 mmol) was cooled to −78° C. and added to a solution of dilithiumtetrachlorocuprate (11 ml, 0.1M solution, 12 mmol) in THF (200 ml) at −78° C. To this mixture was added 1-O-dimethoxytrityl glycidol (8.28 g, 22 mmol) in THF (20 ml) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and concentrated ammonium chloride (10 ml) was added slowly. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:9, v/v), pooling of appropriate fractions, and concentration gave a yield of 1.37 g (17%). ¹H NMR (CDCL₃); δ, 1.6 to 1.8 (m, 2, C₆H₅CH₂); 2.3 to 2.4 (d, 1, OH, exchanges with D₂O); 2.5 to 2.8 (m, 2, CH₂CHOH); 3.0 to 3.2 (m, 2, CH₂ODMT); 3.8 (S, 6, OCH₃); 6.8 TO 7.5 (m, 18, trityl and phenyl).

EXAMPLE 27 1-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]-4-phenylbutane

[0139] 1-O-Dimethoxytrityl-4-phenyl-2-butanol (1.37 g,2.9 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (1.5 ml, 8.6 mmol) were stirred in THF (35 ml) and chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine (0.65 ml, 2.9 : mol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours and filtered. The material was concentrated onto silica coarse gel and dried. The material was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:hexane:triethylamine (1:9:1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 0.94 g (49%). ¹H NMR (CDCL₃); δ, 1.0 to 1.3 (m, 12, CH₃); 1.8 to 2.1 (m, 2, C₆OH₅CH ₂C; 2.3 to 2.8 (2m, 4, CH₂CN, C₆H₅CH₂CH ₂); 3.0 to 3.3 (2m, 2, CH₂ODMT); 3.5 to 3.9 (m, 10, CH(CH₃)₂, POCH₂, OCH₃); 3.9 to 4.2 (m, 1, C₂CH); 6.8 to 7.5 (3m, 18, phenyl and trityl). ³¹P NMR (CDCL₃); δ, 148.48 and 148.69.

EXAMPLE 28 1-Dimethoxytrityl-2-undecanol

[0140] Octylmagnesium chloride (9.4 ml, 2M solution, 18.8 mmol), was added to a solution of dilithium tetrachlorocuprate (1.9 ml, 0.1M solution, 0.11 mmol) in anhydrous THF (15 ml) at −78° C. 1-O-Dimethoxytrityl glycidol was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and saturated ammonium chloride was added. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were combined and dried over magnesium sulfate. This material was filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate/hexane/triethylamine (5/95/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gave a yield of 1.1 g (60%). ¹H NMR (CDCL₃); δ, 0.8 to 0.9 t, 3, CH₃); 1.2 to 1.4 (m, 16, (CH₂)₇CH₂); 2.3 TO 2.4 (d, 1, OH, exchanges with D₂O); 3.0 to 3.2 (m, 2, CH₂ODMT); 3.7 to 3.9 (s, 7, OCH₃, CHOH); 6.8 to 7.5 (m, 14, DMT).

EXAMPLE 29 1-Dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]undecane

[0141] A mixture of HPLC purified 1-dimethoxytrityl-2-undecanol (1.06 g, 2.2 mmol), chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine (0.5 ml, 2.2 mmol), and triethylamine (1.0 ml, 5.7 mmol) in THF (50 ml) was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate/hexane/triethylamine (1/9/1, v/v/%), pooling of appropriate fractions, and evaporation gives the title compound.

EXAMPLE 30 Fluorenyl Succinic Acid Half Ester

[0142] To a solution of 9-fluorenylmethanol (3.92 g, 20 mmol), succinic anhydride (2.20 g, 22 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.25 g, 2 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 ml) was added triethylamine (3 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for four hours. The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (50 ml) and extracted with saturated sodium bicarbonate (3×50 ml). The combined extracts were back extracted with ethyl acetate. The resulting sodium bicarbonate solution was acidified with 3N HCl and refrigerated. A precipitate fell out of the solution which yielded 3.05 g (56%) of the title compound after drying.

EXAMPLE 31 Fluorenyl-[N-(amino-2,3-propandiol)] Succinimide Half Ester

[0143] To a suspension of fluorenyl succinic acid half ester (3.05 g, 11.24 mmol) in DMF (50 ml) was added 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (2.28 g, 16.86 mmol) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide-HCl (3.23 g, 16.84 mmol) sequentially. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours and transferred via cannula to a flask containing 1-amino-2,3-propanediol (1.02 g, 11.24 mmol). The reaction was stirred for three hours at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 ml) and water (50 ml). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 ml). The ethyl acetate extracts were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. ¹H NMR: ( CDCl₃, 200 MHz) δ7.8-7.26 (8H, m, ArH), 4.43 (2H, d, J=6.5 Hz, CHCH₂OCO), 4.23 ( 1H, t, J=6.5 Hz, CHCH₂OCO), 2.70 (4H, S, OCOCH₂CH₂COO).

EXAMPLE 32 Fluorenyl-[N-(1-amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol)succinimide] Half Ester

[0144] A solution of fluorenyl-[N-(2,3-propandiol)] succinimide half ester (0.74 g, 2.0 mmol) in pyridine (20 ml) was treated with 4,4′-dimethoxytritylchloride (0.68 g, 2.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the product shows complete conversion to a higher migrating spot, which gives the characteristic red color when sprayed with 10% sulfuric acid in methanol and heated.

EXAMPLE 33 Fluorenyl-N-{3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane} Succinimide Ester

[0145] The title phosphoramidite is prepared from fluorenyl-[N-(3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol)] succinimide half ester utilizing the procedure of example 27.

EXAMPLE 34 1-[(N-Benzoyl)amino]-2,3-propandiol

[0146] R-(+)-glycidol (10 ml, 0.15 mol) and isopropyl alcohol saturated with ammonia (70 ml) were sealed in a bomb and stirred at room temperature for 5 days. The bomb was cooled and opened. The solution was evaporated and the residue dissolved in pyridine (100 ml). This solution was treated with benzoyl chloride (47 ml, 0.4 mol) for 30 minutes and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and dissolved in methanol (400 ml) then treated with ammonium hydroxide (100 ml). The mixture was stirred for 4 hours and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Elution with ethyl acetate:methanol (19/1, v/v), pooling of appropriate fractions and evaporation gave a yield of 9.9 g (34%) ¹H NMR (DMSO d₆); δ, 3.1 to 3.5 (m, 4, CH ₂CHOHCH ₂OH); 3.6 to 3.7 (m, 1, CHOH); 4.6 to 4.7 (t, 1, CH₂OH, exchanges with D₂O); 4.8 to 4.9 (d, 1, CHOH, exchanges with D₂O); 7.4 TO 7.6 and 7.8 to 7.9 (m, 5, benzoyl); 8.4 to 8.5 (t, 1, NH).

EXAMPLE 35 1-[(N-Benzoyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0147] 1-[(N-Benzoyl)amino]-2,3-propandiol is treated as per the procedure of Example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-[(N-benzoyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(N-benzoyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is further phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 36 1-(1-Pyrrole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0148] Pyrrole is treated as per the procedure of Example 4 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(1H-pyrrole)-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(1-pyrrole)-2,3-propandiol is further treated as per the procedure of Example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-(1-pyrrole-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(1-pyrrole-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is further phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 37 1-(10-Phenoxazine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0149] Phenoxazine is treated as per the procedure of Example 4 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(1-phenoxazine)-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(1-phenoxazine)-2,3-propandiol is treated as per the procedure of Example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-(1-phenoxazine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(1-phenoxazine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 38 1-(1-Pyrazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0150] Pyrazole is treated as per the procedure of Example 4 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(1-pyrazole)-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(1-pyrazole)-2,3-propandiol is treated as per the procedure of Example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-(1-pyrazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(1-pyrazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 39 1-(1-Indole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0151] Indole is treated as per the procedure of Example 4 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(1-indole -2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(1-indole)-2,3-propandiol is treated as per the procedure of Example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-(1-indole-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(1-indole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 40 1-(1-Indazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0152] 1H-Indazole is treated as per the procedure of example 4 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(1H-indazole)-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(1H-indazole)-2,3-propandiol is treated as per the procedure of Example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-(1-indazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(1-indazole)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 41 1-(9-Purine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0153] Purine is treated as per the procedure of example 4 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(9-purine)-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(9-purine)-2,3-propandiol is treated as per the procedure of example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-(9-purine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(9-purine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 42 1-(10-Phenothiazine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0154] Phenothiazine is treated as per the procedure of Example 4 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(10-phenothiazine)-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(10-phenothiazine)-2,3-propandiol is treated as per the procedure of example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-(10-phenothiazine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(10-phenothiazine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 43 1-(9-β-Carboline)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0155] β-Carboline is treated as per the procedure of Example 4 wish glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(9-β-carboline)-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(9-β-carboline)-2,3-propandiol is treated as per the procedure of Example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-(9-β-carboline)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(9-β-carboline)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 44 1-(10-Phenothiazine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0156] Phenothiazine is treated as per the procedure of Example 4 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(10-phenothiazine)-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(10-phenothiazine)-2,3-propandiol is treated as per the procedure of Example 5 with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pryidine to give 1-(10-phenothiazine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(10-phenothiazine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 45 1-[1-(5-Propynyl)uracil]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0157] 5-Propynyl uracil is treated as in the procedure of Example 9 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-[1-(5-propynyl)uracil]-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-[1-(5-propynyl)uracil]-2,3-propandiol is treated with dimethoxyrityl chloride in pyridine as in example 10 to give 1-[1-(5-propynyl)uracil]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-[1-(5-propynyl)uracil]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 11 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 46 1-[1-(6-Aza)thymine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0158] 6-Azathymine is treated as in the procedure of Example 1 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-[1-(6-aza)thymine]-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-[1-(6-aza)thymine]-2,3-propandiol is treated with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pyridine as in Example 2 to give 1-[1-(6-aza)-thymine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1- [1-(6-aza)thymine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 3 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 47 1-(9-Hypoxanthine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0159] Hypoxanthine is treated as in the procedure of Example 1 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-(hypoxanthine-9-yl)-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-(9-hypoxanthine)-2,3-propandiol is treated with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pyridine as in Example 2 to give 1-(9-hypoxanthine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(9-hypoxanthine)-2,3-propandiol is treated with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pyridine as in Example 2 to give 1-(9-hypoxanthine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-(9-hypoxanthine)-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 3 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 48 1-[9-(2,6-Diamino)purine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0160] 2,6-Diaminopurine is treated as in the procedure of Example 16 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-[9-(2,6-diamino)purine]-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-[9-(2,6-diamino)purine]-2,3-propandiol is protected as in Example 18 by treatment with chlorotrimethylsilane and isobutyryl chloride to give 1-[9-(N2,N6-diisobutyryl-2,6-diamino)purine]-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-[9-(N2,N6-diisobutyryl-2,6-diamino)purine]-2,3-propandiol is treated with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pyridine as in Example 19 to give 1-[9-(N2,N6-diisobutyryl-2,6-diamino)purine[1-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-[9-(N2,N6-diisobutyryl-2,6-diamino)purine]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is then phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 24 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 49 1-[9-(7-Methylguanine)]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0161] 7-Methylguanine is treated as in the procedure of Example 16 with glycidol in the presence of potassium carbonate to give 1-[9-(7-methylguanine)]-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-[9-(7-methylguanine)]-2,3-propandiol is protected as in Example 18 by treatment with chlorotrimethylsilane and isobutyryl chloride to give 1-[9-(N2-isobutyryl)-(7-methylguanine)]-2,3-propandiol. The resulting 1-[9-(N2-isobutyryl)-(7-methylguanine)]-2,3-propandiol is treated with dimethoxytrityl chloride in pyridine as in Example 19 to give 1-[9-(N2-isobutyryl)-(7-methylguanine)]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol. The resulting 1-[9-(N2-isobutyryl)-(7-methylguanine)]-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol is then phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 20 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 50 N-(α-Fmoc)-N′-(amino-2,3-propandiol)glycinamide

[0162] A solution of N-α-Fmoc-glycine-pentafluorophenyl ester (4.0 g, 8.6 mmole) in dry dimethylformamide was treated with 1-amino-2,3-propandiol (0.78 g, 8.6 mmole) under an atmosphere of argon. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hr and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. The syrup which resulted was kept under vacuum overnight and then dissolved in 40 ml hot ethyl acetate. The hot solution was filtered, the filtrate cooled to −20° C. and kept in ice overnight. The material which had crystallized was filtered, washed with cold ethyl acetate and the filtrate evaporated to a minimum volume. A second incubation at this temperature yielded a second crop of crystals. Yield of white crystals is 2.2 g (69%). ¹H nmr (dimethylsulfoxide-d₆): 8.0-7.2 (m, 8, aromatic); 5.0-4.5 (m, 4, N-H and OH, exchangeable with D₂O); 4.3 (m, 3, Fmoc); 3.7 (m, 2, glycine); 3.5-3.0 (m, 5, propane).

EXAMPLE 51 N-(α-Fmoc)-N′-{3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]aminopropane}glycinamide

[0163] A solution of N-(α-Fmoc)-N′-(amino-2,3-propandiol)glycinamide (2.0 mmol) in pyridine (20 ml) is treated with 4,4′-dimethoxytritylchloride (0.68 g, 2.0 mmol) as per the procedure of Example 32. The mixture is stirred overnight at room temperature to give N-(α-Fmoc)-N′-(1-amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol)glycinamide that is isolated by silica gel chromatography. The resulting N-(α-Fmoc)-N′-(1-amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol) glycinamide is treated as per the procedure of Example 27 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 52 1-Dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]heptadecane

[0164] Dodecylbromide is reacted with metallic magnesium in ethyl ether to yield dodecylomagnesium bromide. The dodecylmagnesium bromide is reacted with 1-O-dimethoxytritylglycidol (see Example 25) in THF in the presence of dilithiumtetrachlorocuprate to give 1-dimethoxytrityl-2-heptadecanol. The resulting 1-dimethoxytrityl-2-heptadecanol is reacted with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine in the presence of diisopropylethylamine in THF to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 53 1-Amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol

[0165] 1-O-Dimethoxytritylglycidol (from Example 25, 10 ml, 0.15 mol) and isopropyl alcohol saturated with ammonia (70 ml) are sealed in a bomb and stirred at room temperature for 5 days. The bomb is cooled, opened and the solution evaporated to give the crude product.

EXAMPLE 54 1-[(N-Palmitoyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0166] 1-Amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (from Example 53) is dissolved in 5 ml dry pyridine and chlorotrimethylsilane (0.227 ml, 194 mg, 1.79 mmol), is added with stirring for 1 hour. Palmitic acid (359 mg, 1.40 mmol), hydorxybenzotriazole (209 mg, 1.55 mmol) and dimethylaminopropylethylcarbodiimide (EDC) (281 mg, 1.80 mmol) are dissolved in 5 ml DMF (if necessary, 5 ml CH₂Cl₂ co-solvent is added) and stirred for 1 hour. This solution is then added to the pyridine solution of the crude 1-amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol, and the solution stirred until complete disappearance of the starting material. The reaction is stopped by addition of 5 ml saturated NaHCO₃ and after 15 min. the solution is diluted with water (100 ml), extracted with ethyl acetate (2×75 ml), washed with NaHCO₃, brine, dried and evaporated. The residue is purified by silica gel chromatography to give 1-[(N¹-palmitoyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-propandiol. The resulting 1-[(N¹-palmitoyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-propandiol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 20 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 55 1-[(N-Isobutyroyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0167] The title compound is prepared as per the procedure of Example 54 by the use of isobutyric acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 56 1-[(N-Phenylacetyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0168] The title compound is prepared as per the procedure of Example 54 by the use of phenylacetic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 57 Glutaric Acid Monofluorenylmethyl Ester

[0169] Fluorenylmethanol (0.90 g, 4.5 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (50 mg) are dissolved in 10 ml dry pyridine. Glutaric anhydride (5.0 mmol) is added and the solution stirred overnight. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure, sodium bicarbonate added (50 ml), the solution extracted with ethyl acetate (50 ml), and the organic layer discarded. The aqueous layer is acidified to pH 2, extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 ml), washed with brine, and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash chromatography to give the product.

EXAMPLE 58 1-[(N-(Fluorenylmethylglutaroyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0170] The title compound is prepared as per the procedure of Example 54 using glutaric acid monofluorenylmethyl ester (Example 57) as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 59 2-(1-Thymine)acetic Acid

[0171] Methyl bromoacetate (25.5 g, 15.2 ml, 160 mmol) was added to a suspension of K₂CO₃ (44.2 g, 320 mmol) and thymidine (20.2 g, 160 mmol) in 500 ml dry DMF with stirring overnight. The suspension was filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in 120 ml H₂O and 30 ml 4 N HCl, stirred for 30 min and filtered again. The solid was suspended in 250 ml H₂O, to which was added 100 ml 2.5 M NaOH. The solution was heated to boiling, cooled and acidified to pH 1 with concentrated HCl. The precipitate was dried in vacuo to give 13.6 g (73.6 mmol, 46%) pure product. ¹H NMR: (DMSO-d6, 200 MHz) δ7.48 (s, 1H, H6), 4.37 (s, 2H, CH₂), 1.76 (s, 3H, CH₃).

EXAMPLE 60 1-{N-[2-(1-Thymidine)acetyl]amino}-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0172] The title compound is prepared as per the procedure of Example 54 using thymidine-2-acetic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 61 N-Fmoc-3-Aminopropionic Acid

[0173] Sodium bicarbonate (2.52 g, 30 mmol) and 3-aminopropionic acid (1.00 g, 11.2 mmol) were dissolved in 50 ml water and 50 ml dioxane was added. A solution of fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (3.10 g, 12.0 mmol) in 50 ml dioxane was added dropwise with stirring. After 6 hours the solution was diluted with water (100 ml) and saturated bicarbonate solution (50 ml), extracted once with diethyl ether, and the aqueous layer acidified to pH 2 with concentrated HCl. The cloudy solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 ml), washed with brine and dried with MgSO₄. After evaporation a mixture of the title product and the peptide dimer was obtained. The pure product was obtained by flash chromatography. ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 200 MHz) δ7.95-7.26 (8H, m, ArH), 7.40-7.15 (3H, m, CHCH₂O), 3.20 (2H, t, J=8 Hz, CH₂N), 2.40 (2H, t, J=8 Hz, HOOCCH₂).

EXAMPLE 62 1-[N-(N-Fmoc-3-aminopropionoyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0174] The title compound is prepared as per the procedure of Example 54 using N-Fmoc-3-aminopropionic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 63 2-(N-Imidazolyl)acetic Acid

[0175] Imidazole (3.7 g, 54 mmol) was added to a suspension of sodium hydride (2.6 g of a 60% dispersion in oil, 60 mmol) in 50 ml dry THF. Bromoacetic acid (3.4 g, 24 mmol) was then added and the mixture stirred overnight. Water (1 ml) was then added and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in water (50 ml, pH >10), extracted with ether and the organic layer discarded. The aqueous layer was acidified to pH 1 with concentrated HCl and extracted again with ether. The aqueous layer was evaporated to dryness. The oily residue was dissolved in absolute ethanol (EtOH) to precipitate NaCl, and recrystallized from acetone/methanol to give 1.22 g (7.5 mmol, 30%) pure product as the hydrochloride. ¹H NMR: (DMSO-d6, 200 MHz) δ9.20 (s, H2), 7.76 (d, J=1.5 Hz), 7.69 (d, J=1.5 Hz), 5.20 (s, CH₂).0

EXAMPLE 64 1-{N-[2-(N-Imidazolyl)acetyl]amino}-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0176] The title compound is prepared as per the procedure of Example 54 using N-imidazolyl-2-acetic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 65 2-(9-Adenine)acetic Acid Ethyl Ester

[0177] Sodium hydride (8.20 g 60% in oil, 205 mmol) was added to a suspension of adenine (25.0 g, 185 mmol) in 500 ml DMF. After 2 hours vigorous mechanical stirring H₂ evolution stopped and a thick slurry was obtained. Ethyl bromoacetate (55.6 g, 36.9 ml, 333 mmol) was added dropwise over 3 hours, and stirring continued for a further hour. Water (10 ml) and H₂SO₄ were added to pH 4. The solvent was evaporated and the residue suspended in 500 ml H₂O, filtered and washed with water. The residue was recrystallized from 400 ml ethanol to give 23.8 g (108 mmol, 58%) pure product.

EXAMPLE 66 2-[9-(N2-Benzoyl)adenine)acetic Acid

[0178] To a suspension of 2-(9-adenine)acetic acid ethyl ester (6.06 g, 27.4 mmol) in 250 ml dry pyridine was added benzoyl chloride (9.60 ml, 11.6 g, 82 mmol), and the solution stirred for 4 hours at room temperature. Methanol (25 ml) was added and the solvents evaporated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (2×250 ml), washed with 0.1 N HCl, H₂O NaHCO₃ saturated, brine, and dried with Na₂ SO₄. The organic extracts were evaporated and the solid residue was redissolved in 250 ml THF at 0° C., to which was added 100 ml 1M NaOH. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour and acidified to pH 1 with concentrated HCl, and the aqueous portion extracted once with ether. The product, which began to crystallize almost immediately, was collected by filtration to yield 4.96 g (61%). ¹H NMR: (DMSO-d6, 200 MHz) δ8.86, 8.84 (d, H2, H8), 8.1 (d, 2H, J=7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.69-7.58 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 5.22 (s, 2H, CH₂).

EXAMPLE 67 1-{{N-{2-[9-(N2-Benzoyl)adenine]acetyl}amino}}-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0179] The title compound is prepared as per the procedure of Example 54 using 2-(9-(N2-benzoyl)adenine] acetic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 68 2-[1-(N4-Benzoyl)cytosine]acetic Acid

[0180] Cytosine hemihydrate (12.0 g, 100 mmol) was dried by coevaporation with pyridine, redissolved in dry pyridine (250 ml), and benzoyl chloride added dropwise (70.3 g, 500 mmol) with cooling. The solution was stirred overnight, water added and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 700 ml H₂O containing 55 g NaOH. Once complete dissolution had occurred stirring was continued for one hour. The solution was then acidified to pH 4, and the white precipitate collected, boiled in 1 L ethanol and filtered again to give 16.1 g benzoylcytosine. Fifteen grams of this was suspended in 500 ml DMF with 9.7 g (70 mmol) K₂CO₃ and methyl bromoacetate (10.7 g, 70 mmol). The suspension was stirred for 3 days, filtered and the solvent removed. Water was added (100 ml) and 10 ml 4N HCl. The suspension was stirred 15 min and filtered. The solid was resuspended in 200 ml H₂O containing 4.8 g NaOH. The suspension was stirred 45 min until all the solid had dissolved. The solution was then acidified to pH 2, the solid collected by filtration and dried to give 10.6 g product (43%). The product was identified by NMR.

EXAMPLE 69 1-{{N-{2-[1-(N4-Benzoyl)cytosine]acetyl}amino}}-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-1-amino-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0181] The title compound is prepared via the procedure of Example 54 using 2-[1-(N4-benzoyl)cytosine]acetic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 70 2-[9-(N2-Isobutyroyl)guanine]acetic Acid

[0182] To a suspension of 2-amino-6-chloropurine (10 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (15 mmol) in DMF (25 ml) is added ethyl bromoacetate (10 mmol). The mixture is stirred vigorously for 24 hrs, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The residue is resuspended in 25 ml pyridine and isobutyroyl chloride added (20 mmol). After stirring for 18 hrs, water is added and the solvent removed. The residue is suspended in 1N HCl and heated to reflux for 1 hr. The suspension is then cooled to 0° C., NaOH added to pH 12, and the suspension stirred for 1 hr. The solution is acidified to pH 3, and the product is collected by filtration.

EXAMPLE 71 1-{{N-{2-[9-(N2-Isobutyroyl)guanine]acetyl}amino}}-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-1-amino-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0183] The title compound is prepared via the procedure of Example 54 using 2-[9-(N2-isobutyroyl)guanine]acetic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 72 Benzyl 3,6,9,12-tetraoxatridecanoate

[0184] Triethyleneaglycol monomethyl ether (10 mmol) and benzyl bromoacetate (11 mmol) are added to a suspension of anhydrous K₂CO₃ (15 mmol) in 50 ml anhydrous DMF. The suspension is stirred at room temperature overnight. Water is added and the emulsion is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 ml), washed with water, brine, and dried with MgSO₄. The solvent is evaporated and the residual oil purified by flash chromatography to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 73 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatridecanoic Acid

[0185] Benzyl 3,6,9,12-tetraoxatridecanoate (5 mmol) is dissolved in methanol (50 ml) and 10% palladium on carbon is added (100 mg catalyst/mmol). The suspension is shaken under 30 psi H₂ until the starling material is consumed. The suspension is filtered through a short pad of Celite, washed thoroughly wish methanol, and the solvent evaporated. The product is used directly without purification.

EXAMPLE 74 1-[N-(3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatridecanoyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0186] The title compound is prepared via the procedure of Example 54 using 3,6,9,12-tetraoxatridecanoic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 75 Benzyl bis-[(2-pyridyl)-2-ethyl]aminoacetate

[0187] To a suspension of K₂CO₃ (15 mmol) in 25 ml DMF was added 2,2′-bis(2-pyridylethyl)-amine (10 mmol) followed by benzyl bromoacetate (12 mmol). The suspension was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature. Water was then added, and the suspension extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 ml), washed with 5% Na₂CO₃, water, brine, dried with MgSO₄ and the solvents removed. The product was obtained as an oil in quantitative yield. Product was identified by NMR.

EXAMPLE 76 Bis(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)aminoacetic Acid

[0188] Benzyl bis-[(2-pyridyl)-2-ethyl]aminoacetate (5 mmol) is dissolved in methanol (50 ml) and 10% Palladium on carbon is added (100 mg catalyst/mmol). The suspension is shaken under 30 psi H₂ until the starting material is consumed. The suspension is filtered through a short pad of Celite, washed thoroughly with methanol, and the solvent evaporated. The product is used directly without purification.

EXAMPLE 77 1-{{N-{Bis[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]aminoacetyl}amino}}-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0189] This compound is prepared via the procedure of Example 54 using bis(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)-aminoacetic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 78 1-[N-(Toluenesulfonyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0190] Chlorotrimethylsilane (6.0 mmol) is added dropwise to a solution of 1-amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (5.0 mmol) in 25 ml dry pyridine. After stirring one hour, toluenesulfonyl chloride (6.0 mmol) is added in portions, and stirring continued for two hours. The reaction is quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and the mixture stirred until the silyl ethers were hydrolyzed. The solvent is removed in vacuo, and the residue partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with NaHCO₃, water, brine and dried with Na₂SO₄. The solvent is removed and the resulting oil purified by flash chromatography, using a gradient of methanol in CHCl₃. The resulting 1-[N-(toluenesulfonyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethy -2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 20 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 79 1-[N-(Trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0191] Chlorotrimethylsilane (6.0 mmol) is added dropwise to a solution of 1-amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (5.0 mmol) and triethylamine (15 mmol) in 50 ml dry CH₂Cl₂. After 1 hour the solution is cooled to −78° C., and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (5.5 mmol) is added dropwise. The cooling bath is removed and the mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine and NaHCO₃ solution is added to hydrolyze the TMS ether. The solvent is evaporated, the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and water, washed with NaHCO₃, brine and dried with MgSO₄. The residue is purified by flash chromatography using a gradient of methanol in CHCl₃. The resulting 1-[N-(trifluoromethanesulfony)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-1-amino-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 20 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 80 1-[N-(Benzyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0192] Chlorotrimethylsilane (6.0 mmol) is added dropwise to a solution of 1-amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (5.0 mmol), imidazole (5 mmol) and triethylamine (15 mmol) in 25 ml dry DMF. After stirring one hour the solvent is removed in vacuo, and the residue redissolved in acetonitrile (25 ml) and triethylamine (10 mmol). Benzyl bromide (6.0 mmol) is added, and stirring continued overnight. The reaction is quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and the mixture stirred until the silyl ethers were hydrolyzed. The solvent is removed in vacuo, and the residue partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with NaHCO₃, water, brine and dried with Na₂SO₄. The solvent is removed and the resulting oil purified by flash chromatography, using a gradient of methanol in CHCl₃. The resulting 1-[N-(benzyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-1-amino-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 20 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 81 1-[N-(Aminocarbonyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0193] Chlorotrimethylsilane (6.0 mmol) is added dropwise to a solution of 1-amino-3-O-dimethoxytrity-2-propanol (5.0 mmol) and triethylamine (15 mmol) in 50 ml dry CH₂Cl₂. After one hour, dimethylaminopyridine (1 mmol) is added followed by trimethylsilyl isocyanate (5.5 mmol). The solution is stirred until the starting material is consumed. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the crude product redissolved in pyridine and NaHCO₃ solution to hydrolyze the TMS ethers. The solvent is evaporated, the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and water, washed with NaHCO₃, brine and dried with MgSO₄. The residue is purified by flash chromatography using a gradient of methanol in CHCl₃. The resulting 1-[N-(aminocarbonyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 20 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 82 1-[N-(Methylaminothiocarbonyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0194] Chlorotrimethylsilane (6.0 mmol) is added dropwise to a solution of 1-amino-3-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-propanol (5.0 mmol) and triethylamine (15 mmol) in 50 ml dry CH₂Cl₂. After one hour, dimethylaminopyridine (1 mmol) is added followed by methylisothiocyanate (5.5 mmol). The solution is stirred until the starting material is consumed. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the crude product redissloved in pyridine and NaHCO₃ solution to hydrolyze the TMS ethers. The solvent is evaporated, the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and water, washed with NaHCO₃, brine and dried with MgSO₄. The residue is purified by flash chromatography using a gradient of methanol in CHCl₃. The resulting 1-[N-(methylaminothiocarbonyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-propanol is phosphitylated with chloro-β-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphine as per Example 20 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 83 N-α-(FMOC)-glutamic Acid γ-benzyl Ester

[0195] To a solution of γ-benzyl glutamate (10 mmol) in 50 ml dioxane and 50 ml water is added triethylamine (25 mmol), followed by a solution of fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (11 mmol) in 50 ml dioxane. The mixture is vigorously stirred until the starting material is consumed. The solution is acidified to pH 2 with concentrated HCl, extracted with ethyl acetate (2×250 ml), washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄ and evaporated. The product is used without purification.

EXAMPLE 84 N-α-(FMOC)-γ-benzyl-L-glutamic Acid Fluorenylmethyl Ester

[0196] N-α-(FMOC)-glutamic acid γ-benzyl ester (5 mmol), fluorenylmethanol (5.5 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (0.5 mmol) are dissolved in 50 ml CH₂Cl₂. Dimethylaminopropyl ethyl carbodiimide (EDC, 6.0 mmol) is added, and the solution stirred at room temperature. After complete consumption of the starting material the solution is diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with 1% HCl, water and brine, dried with MgSO₄ and evaporated. The residue is purified by flash chromatography using ethyl acetate and hexane as eluant.

EXAMPLE 85 N-α-(FMOC)-L-glutamic Acid α-fluorenylmethyl Ester

[0197] N-α-(FMOC)-γ-benzyl-L-glutamic acid fluorenylmethyl ester (5 mmol) is dissolved in methanol (50 ml) and 10% Palladium on carbon is added (100 mg catalyst/mmol). The suspension is shaken under 30 psi H₂ until the starting material is consumed. The suspension is filtered through a short pad of Celite, washed thoroughly with methanol, and the solvent evaporated. The product is used directly without purification.

EXAMPLE 86 1-[N-(N-α-Fmoc-α-fluorenylmethyl-γ-glutamyl)amino]-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0198] The title compound is prepared by the procedure of Example 54 using N-α-(FMOC)-L-glutamic acid α-fluorenylmethyl ester as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 87 2-(N-Carbazolyl)acetic Acid

[0199] The title compound is prepared as per Example 63 using carbazole as the starting heterocycle.

EXAMPLE 88 1-{N-[2-(N-Carbazolyl)acetyl]amino}-3-O-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0200] The title compound is prepared as per the procedure of Example 54 using N-carbazolyl-2-acetic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 89 N-Pyrrolyl-2-Acetic Acid

[0201] The title compound is prepared as per Example 63 using pyrrole as the starting heterocycle.

EXAMPLE 90 1-{N-[2-(N-Pyrrolyl)acetyl]amino}-3-)-dimethoxytritylmethyl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]propane

[0202] The compound is prepared as per the procedure of Example 54 using N-pyrrolyl-2-acetic acid as the carboxylic acid component.

EXAMPLE 91 1-(1-Imidazole)-5-dimethoxytrityl-2-pentanol

[0203] 1-Buten-4-ol is treated as per the procedure of Klunder, et al., J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 3710 to yield 4,5-epoxy-1-pentanol. The glycol is not isolated but is treated in situ in dry DMF with powdered potassium carbonate and imidazole as per the procedure of Example 4 followed by treatment with dimethoxytrityl chloride as per Example 5 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 92 1-(-Imidazole)-5-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]pentane

[0204] 1-(1-Imidazole)-4-dimethoxytrityl-2-pentanol is treated as per the procedure of Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 93 1-(1-Carbazole)-8-dimethoxytrityl-2-octanol

[0205] 1-Octen-8-ol is treated as per the procedure of Klunder, et. al., J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 3710 to yield 4,5-epoxy-1-octanol. The glycol is not isolated but is treated in situ in dry DMF with powdered potassium carbonate and imidazole as per the procedure of Example 4 followed by treatment with dimethoxytrityl chloride as per Example 5 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 94 1-(-Carbazole)-8-O-dimethoxytrityl-2-O-[(N,N-diisopropylamino)-2-cyanoethoxyphosphite]octane

[0206] 1-(1-Carbazole)-4-dimethoxytrityl-2-pentanol is treated as per the procedure of Example 6 to give the title compound.

EXAMPLE 95

[0207] Standard Oligomer Coupling Cycle Using Standard DNA Synthesis Protocols

[0208] The oligomeric macromolecules of the invention are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) as is done with standard oligonucleotides using standard phosphoramidate chemistry with oxidation by iodine (see Oligonucleotide synthesis, a practical approach, M. J. Gait. Ed., Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 1990). For phosphorothioate oligomers, the standard oxidation bottle is replaced by 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the step wise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation wait step is increased to 68 sec and is followed by the capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (18 hr), the oligomers are purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5 M NaCl solution with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Analytical gel electrophoresis is effected in 20% acrylamide, 8 M urea, 454 mM Tris-borate buffer, pH=7.0. Phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligomers are judged from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as to material length.

EXAMPLE 96 Synthesis of Sequence Specific Ethylene Glycol Oligomer Having Phosphodiester Linkages

[0209] “Aforvirsen” is an anti-papilloma agent having the nucleobase sequence:

TTG CTT CCA TCT TCC TCG TC.

[0210] An ethylene glycol phosphodiester linked oligomer of this preselected sequence is prepared using the T, A, C and G reagents from Examples 3, 15, 24 and 20, respectively, as per the procedure of Example 95 using iodine as the oxidation reagent to give the phosphodiester linked oligomeric compound having the “Aforvirsen” sequence.

EXAMPLE 97 Synthesis of Sequence Specific Ethylene Glycol Oligomer Having Phosphorothioate Linkages

[0211] “Aforvirsen” is an anti-papilloma agent having the nucleobase sequence:

TTG CTT CCA TCT TCC TCG TC.

[0212] An ethylene glycol phosphorothioate linked oligomer of this preselected sequence is prepared using the T, A, C and G reagents from Examples 3, 15, 24 and 20, respectively, as per the procedure of Example 95 using 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide as the oxidation reagent to give the phosphorothioate linked oligomeric compound.

EXAMPLE 98 Incorporation Of Monomeric Units Into Oligomeric Structure Using Combinatorial Technique—General Procedure

[0213] A solid support (universal support from Cambridge Research Biochemicals) is separated into portions of equal weight. The number of portions equals the number of monomers in the combinatorial library. Each portion is reacted with one of the desired amidites using tetrazole as catalyst, followed by oxidation of the phosphite triester to the phosphate as per the standard coupling cycle of Example 64 above. The DMT ether is cleaved using trichloroacetic acid in CH₂Cl₂ to regenerate the hydroxyl group at the end of the extended oligomer. The extent of the coupling reaction is optimized to be ≧90% completed by varying the amidite concentration and total equivalents and the coupling time. After a coupling, the supports from individual coupling reactions are mixed thoroughly, then divided equally and amidites are again reacted individually to a portion of the support. This cycle is repeated for each random position until the ‘fixed’ position is reached.

[0214] At the ‘fixed’ position of the oligomer, each amidite is reacted individually to a portion of the support, but the portions are not mixed. Instead each subset is further divided into the number of portions corresponding to the number of monomers. Each portion of support is then reacted with a different amidite, followed by mixing as above. Repeating this cycle for each of the different subsets of supports results in randomization in positions following the fixed position in the sequence. The resulting subsets are unique only in the fixed position.

[0215] At completion of the oligomer synthesis, the oligomers are cleaved from the solid support and phosphate protecting groups removed by incubation for 1-2 hours at room temperature in concentrated ammonia. The supernatant containing the oligomer is then removed from the silica and incubated at 55° C. for 6-16 hours to cleave the protecting groups from the residues. The oligomer is desalted and protecting groups are removed by HPLC size exclusion chromatography.

EXAMPLE 99 Evaluation Of Coupling Efficiency Of Phosphoramidite Monomers

[0216] The following method is used to evaluate the ethylene glycol phosphoramidites or other phosphoramidites for suitability of use in a random sequence solid state oligomer synthesis. A solid-phase synthesis support containing an internal reference is used to determine coupling efficiency, estimate the extinction coefficient, and evaluate coupling-product quality of the test phosphoramidite monomers as follows:

[0217] A test monomer-support is selected as is an internal standard. Using dT as a symbol of thymidine, dC as a symbol for deoxy cytidine and other abbreviations as note in the text below, in an illustrative test system, thymidine bound to CPG, identified as dT-CPG, is used for the test monomer-support and 5′-O-acetyl capped cytosine bound to CPG, identified as 5′-Ac-dC-CPG, is used for the internal standard.

[0218] Reactive dT-CPG is mixed with a lesser molar equivalent of unreactive 5′-Ac-dC-CPG. The unreactive 5′-Ac-dC-CPG internal standard allows for accurate determination of unreacted dT present before and after a coupling reaction.

[0219] The peak area of dT can be identified as A_(T) and the peak area of dC identified as A_(C). The initial ratio of peak areas for dT and dC, i.e., (A_(T)/A_(C))₀, is determined by cleavage, deprotection, and HPLC analysis of an aliquot of the CPG mixture. Measurements are taken at a wavelength of 260 nm. Relative moles of dC can be identified as C, and relative moles of dT can be identified as T. These are calculated from peak areas, A_(C) and A_(T), respectively, using known extinction coefficients: C=A_(C)/ε_(C) and T=A_(T)/ε_(T). Thus the relative peak area or molar amount of dT initially present can always be calculated from the peak area of dC: A_(T  C) = (A_(C))[(A_(T)/A_(C))₀] T₀ = (C)[(T/C)₀] ${a\quad l\quad s\quad o},{\begin{matrix} {{(C)\left( {T/C} \right)} = {\left( {A_{C}/\varepsilon_{C}} \right)\left\lbrack {\left( {A_{T}/\varepsilon_{T}} \right)/\left( {A_{C}/\varepsilon_{C}} \right)} \right\rbrack}} \\ {\left. {= {\left( {A_{C}/\varepsilon_{C}} \right)\left( {A_{T}/A_{C}} \right)}} \right)\left( {\varepsilon_{C}/\varepsilon_{T}} \right)} \end{matrix}{\quad {{t\quad h\quad u\quad s},{\begin{matrix} {{\left. {{(C)\left\lbrack \left( {T/C} \right)_{2} \right\rbrack} = \left( {A_{C}/\varepsilon_{C}} \right)} \right)\left\lbrack \left( {A_{T}/A_{C}} \right)_{0} \right\rbrack}\left( {\varepsilon_{C},\varepsilon_{T}} \right)} \\ {= {\left( {A_{C}/\varepsilon_{T}} \right)\left\lbrack \left( {A_{T}/A_{C}} \right)_{0} \right\rbrack}} \end{matrix}\quad}}}}$

[0220] An amidite monomer of interest, identified as X, is reacted with an aliquot of the CPG mixture. Reacted CPG is cleaved and deprotected with ammonia, then analyzed by HPLC to determine: the area under the peak for dC, i.e., A_(C); the area under the peak for unreacted dT, i.e., A_(Tur); and the area under the peak for X-T dimer, i.e., A_(XT). These values are used to calculate coupling efficiency, C.E., and X-T dimer extinction coefficient ε_(XT).

[0221] The coupling efficiency, C.E., is defined by the ratio of reacted dT, i.e., T_(r), to total dT, i.e., T₀. Thus C.E.=T_(r)/T₀. Coupling efficiency can be determined from the relative moles of unreacted dT present before, i.e., T₀, and after, i.e., T_(ur), coupling with X; all three are related by the equation:

T _(C) =T _(r) +T _(ur).

[0222] Since C.E. is a unit-less value, HPLC peak areas can be used instead of relative molar quantities to perform the calculation: $\begin{matrix} {{C.E.} = \left( {T_{r}/T_{0}} \right)} \\ {= {\left( {T_{r}/T_{0}} \right) - \left( {T_{u\quad r}/T_{0}} \right)}} \\ {= {1 - \left( {T_{u\quad r}/T_{0}} \right)}} \\ {= {1 - {\left( {A_{T\quad u\quad r}/\varepsilon_{T}} \right)/\left( {A_{T0}/\varepsilon_{T}} \right)}}} \\ {= {1 - \left( {A_{T\quad u\quad r}/A_{T0}} \right)}} \\ {= {1 - {\left( A_{T\quad u\quad r} \right)/\left\lbrack {\left( A_{C} \right)\left\lbrack \left( {A_{T}/A_{C}} \right)_{0} \right\rbrack} \right\rbrack}}} \end{matrix}\quad$

[0223] The foregoing are all measurable quantities.

[0224] The extinction coefficient ε for X, i.e., ε_(X-T), in the given HPLC solvent system is determined from the C.E. for X and the relative areas of the HPLC peaks. The amount of X-T is equal to the amount of T that has reacted. ε for dimer X-T is defined as the peak area A_(XT), divided by the moles of X-T dimer present XT, and is calculated as follows: $\begin{matrix} {{X\quad T} = T_{r}} \\ {= {\left( {C.E.} \right)\left( T_{0} \right)}} \\ {\varepsilon_{X\quad T} = \left( {{A_{X\quad T}/X}\quad T} \right)} \\ {= {{\left( A_{X\quad T} \right)/\left( {C.E.} \right)}\left( T_{0} \right)}} \\ {= {{\left( A_{X\quad T} \right)/\left( {C.E.} \right)}{(C)\left\lbrack \left( {T/C} \right)_{0} \right\rbrack}}} \\ {= {{\left( A_{X\quad T} \right)/\left( {C.E.} \right)}{\left( {A_{C}/\varepsilon_{T}} \right)\left\lbrack \left( {A_{T}/A_{C}} \right)_{0} \right\rbrack}}} \end{matrix}\quad$

[0225] The foregoing are all measurable quantities.

[0226] Finally, the quality of the coupling-product X-T can be evaluated from the appearance of the HPLC chromatogram. Significant peaks (those summing >10% of product-peak area) other than those expected might also be addressed. Often they are the desired X-T dimer that retains protective groups. Disappearance of these peaks with extended ammonia treatment will confirm that the monomer requires extended ammonia deprotection beyond the standard time. In other cases the extra peaks can be identified as undesirable side-products or in some case they cannot be identified. Generally, coupling efficiency of less than about 90%, a required ammonia deprotection time of greater than a few days, or the occurrence of side-products amounting to greater that 10% (by UV absorbance) can be selected as initial guidelines to judge the possibility of excluding an amidite from consideration for use in a particular set of amidites used in generating random oligomeric compounds.

EXAMPLE 100 Evaluation Of Coupling Efficiency Of Illustrative Ethylene Glycol Phosphoramidite Monomer

[0227] Ethylene glycol phoshoramidites are coupled to a dT-CPG solid-phase synthesis support forming dimers and trimers. Coupling is effected as per the general procedure of Example 99. Synthesis of the dimers and trimers is performed with an ABI 394 DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) using standard DNA synthesis reagents and synthesis protocols, with the exception of an extended (5 minute) coupling time added to the synthesis cycle. The oligomers are cleaved from solid support by treatment with concentrated ammonia for 3 days at 4° C. The supernatant is removed from the support and heated in a sealed vial at 55° C. for eight hours. This solution is cooled, and the ammonia removed by evaporation. The oligomers are analyzed directly on reversed-chase HPLC column (Waters Nova-Pak Phenyl, cat. #10656; Millipore Corp., Milford, Mass.) using a gradient of 1% to 75% acetonitrile in 0.1 M ammonium acetate, pH 7, over 53 minutes. The HPLC system is a Waters with a 991 detector, 625 LC pump, and 714 WISP autoinjector. Calculations are performed using data collected at a wavelength of 260 nm.

EXAMPLE 101 Synthesis of Ethylene Glycol Phosphate Oligomeric Library

[0228] Ethylene glycol phosphate oligomers (EGP) were synthesized using standard DNA phosphoramidite chemistry. The following six EGP phosphoramidites were incorporated into oligomeric library: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, carbazole and imidazole. EGP phosphoramidites were dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (CH₃CN) to 0.2 M, with the exception of EGP guanine (“egG”) which was first dissolved in anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) to 2 M and then further diluted to 0.2 M with CH₃CN. EGP phosphoramidites were coupled to a 1-2 μmol controlled pore glass (CPG) support on an ABI 394 DNA synthesizer using the standard ABI cycle for a 1 μmol scale cyancethyl phosphoramidite synthesis with the coupling wait time increased to 5 minutes. By substituting a 0.1 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiol-3-one 1,1-dioxide (Beaucage) in acetonitrile for the iodine oxidizing solution, phosphorothicate oligomers were also synthesized. The 5′ dimethoxytrityl group (DMT) of an oligomer terminating in a 5′ EGP residue was not removed prior to cleaving the oligomer from the CPG support. Detritylating the 5′ hydroxyl before cleavage in ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) results in the hydrolysis of the 5′EGP residue as a cyclic phosphate.

[0229] EGP oligomers were cleaved from CPG in 1 ml 30% NH₄OH for 1 hour at room temperature. Cleaved oligomer was deprotected in NH₄OH at 55° C. overnight (typically 12-18 hours). NH₄OH was then removed from oligomer by evaporation in the Savant speedvac. The 5′ hydroxyl was deprotected by cleaving the DMT from the oligomer in 1 ml 80% acetic acid (HOAc) for 1 hour. HOAc was then removed from oligomer by evaporation in the speedvac.

[0230] The oligomers were resuspended in H₂O and further purified by one or more of three methods of Example 102

EXAMPLE 102 General Oligomer Purification Procedures

[0231] Procedure A—reverse phase HPLC chromatography

[0232] To desalt oligomers by reverse phase chromatography, the oligomer was loaded onto a reverse phase column in approx. 100 mM ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) or sodium acetate (NaOAc). The column was washed with several column volumes (10-20) of H₂O to desalt. The oligomer was eluted in a gradient of 0% to 100% methanol.

[0233] Procedure B—size exclusion chromatography

[0234] To desalt by size exclusion, the oligomer was loaded onto a size exclusion column, typically Sephadex G10 or G25 1.6×50 cm, that is connected to the HPLC and eluted in H₂O at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The oligomers elute from the column in approximately 2-3 hours followed by salts and protecting groups.

[0235] Procedure C—ethyl acetate extraction

[0236] The oligomers may also be purified from the protecting groups by ethyl acetate extraction; however, this method does not desalt the oligomer. After DMT cleavage with HOAc, the dried oligomer was resuspended in 1-2 ml H₂O. Ethyl acetate (1 ml) was added to the oligomer and vortexed to mix layers. After the H₂O and ethyl acetate layers separate, the top layer, which is the ethyl acetate layer containing DMT and benzamide protecting groups, was removed from the H₂O layer which contains the oligomer. Three extractions with ethyl acetate are sufficient to remove the DMT and benzamide from the oligomer.

[0237] After purification by chromatography or extraction, the oligomer was dried by evaporation in the speedvac. The oligomer was resuspended in H₂O, typically at 0.5-2 mM, and stored at ≦−20° C.

EXAMPLE 103 Synthesis of (dG)₄(egCB)₄(dG)₄ and (dG)₄(egIM)₄(dG)₄ Phosphodiester Oligomers

[0238] Two syntheses were performed incorporating EGP carbazole phosphoramidite (egCB) and EGP imidazole phosphoramidite (egIM) with deoxyguanosine (dG) phosphoramidite, ABI Cat# 400327. The oligomers (dG)₄(egCB)₄(dG)₄ and (dG)₄(egIM)₄(dG)₄ were synthesized on two 1 μmol 500 Å G-CPG synthesis columns from Cruchachem, Cat# 19-7821-80. Amidites were diluted to 0.2 M with anhydrous acetonitrile, Aldrich Cat# 27,100-4. Amidites dG, egCB and egIM were placed on three of the amidite positions (positions 1-8) of ABI 394 DNA synthesizer. The synthesis cycle used was the ABI standard 1 μmol scale cycle modified to increase the coupling wait time to 5 minutes; the 5′DMT was removed after each synthesis round.

[0239] Oligomers were cleaved in 1 ml 30% NH₄OH for 1 hour using a dual syringe method. For each column, 1 ml of 30% NH₄OH was drawn into a 3 ml slip tip polypropylene syringe. Tip of the filled syringe was placed into one end of the synthesis column; a second empty syringe was placed on the other end. The NH₄OH was pushed through the column with the syringes and allowed to react for 1 hour. Cleaved oligomers in NH₄OH were removed from the column and placed in Wheaton 4 ml glass screwcap vials tightly capped with Wheaton teflon lined caps. Oligomers were placed in a VWR 55° C. heating block for 16 hours to remove protecting groups from bases. Vials were placed in an ice bath for approximately 15 minutes to cool. After the vials were carefully opened to vent the NH₄OH, the oligomers were transferred to 1.5 ml Biostor screwcap polypropylene microtubes. Vials were placed in the Savant speedvac and excess NH₄OH evaporated from oligomers.

[0240] Oligomers were resuspended in approx. 500 μl H₂O and vortexed. Each oligomer was purified and desalted separately on a Delta-Pak Cartridge 5 μm C18 300 Å 3.9×150 mm reverse phase column, Millipore Cat# 011793.Column was equilibrated for 20 minutes in 125 mM NH₄OAc at 1 ml/min. Oligomer was injected onto column; column was washed with 125 mM NH₄OAc for 5 minutes. Column was then washed with H₂O for 36 minutes to desalt oligomer and remove benzamide. Oligomer was eluted in 75% methanol for 6 minutes, followed by a 6 minute 100% methanol wash. Fractions eluting during the 75%-100% methanol wash were pooled in a polypropylene centrifuge tube. Excess solvent is evaporated from the oligomer in the speedvac. Oligomers are resuspended in H₂O to approximately 1 mM concentration and stored frozen at −20° C.

EXAMPLE 104 Synthesis of Phosphodiester Library G₄XN₃G₄

[0241] A library of oligomers was prepared incorporating two EGP phosphoramidites (carbazole (egCB) and imidazole (egIM)) with the four DNA (dA, dC, dG, and dT) phosphoramidites. The library consists of 6 subsets of the sequence G₄XN₃G₄. For each of the 6 subsets, position X is fixed as dA, dC, dG, dT, egCB, or egIM; N is a randomized position incorporating dA, dC, dG, dT, egCB, and egIM equally. This library was synthesized on a 2 μmol scale. Six empty 1 μmol scale Snap synthesis columns from ABI were filled with 2 μmol of dG-CPG, CPG Inc. Cat# DG200503 (2 μmol=45 mg of 44.5 μmol/g G-cpg). Amidites were diluted to 0.2 M with anhydrous acetonitrile, Aldrich Cat# 27,100-4. Amidites dA, dG, dC, dT, egCB and egIM were placed on bottle positions 1-6, respectively, of the ABI 394 DNA synthesizer.

[0242] Coupling rates of the different amidites varied. to ensure each randomized position N incorporated all six residues equally, a mixed CPG synthesis scheme was used. At each randomized position, each phosphoramidite was individually coupled to an equal portion of CPG and detritylated; CPG was then transferred from the columns to a 4 ml glass screwcap vial with a teflon lined cap, mixed by inversion for 15 minutes and redistributed among the six columns for the next coupling. Once the fixed position X was coupled, the six subsets of the library were kept separate. The synthesis cycle used was the ABI standard 1 μmol scale cycle modified to increase the coupling wait time to 5 minutes; the 5′DMT was removed after each synthesis round. SYNTHESIS SCHEME FOR G₄(egCB)XN₂G₄ Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 ROUND 1 AGGGG CGGGG GGGGG TGGGG (egCB) GGGG (egIM) GGGG CPG mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 2 ANG₄ CNG₄ GNG₄ TNG₄ (egCB) NG₄ (egIM) NG₄ Mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 3 G₄ (eqCB) G₄ (egCB) G₄ (egCB) G₄ (egCB) G₄ (egCB) G₄ (egCB) AN₂G₄ CN₂G₄ GN₂G₄ TN₂G₄ (egCB) N₂G₄ (egIM) N₂G₄ Columns were kept separate from this point

[0243] Oligomers were cleaved in 1 ml 30% NH₄OH for 1 hour using a dual syringe method. Oligomers were placed at 55° C. for 16 hours to deprotect bases. Oligomers were then placed in the Savant speedvac and excess NH₄OH was evaporated.

[0244] Oligomers were resuspended in approximately 500 μl H₂O and vortexed. Each oligomers was purified and desalted separately on a Radial-Pak™ Cartridge 8×100 mm Delta-Pak™ C18 300 Å 15 μm reverse phase column, Waters Cat# WAT025845. Column was equilibrated for 20 minutes in 125 mM NH₄OAc at 3 ml/min. Oligomer was injected onto column; column was washed with 125 mM NH₄OAc for 5 minutes. Column was then washed with H₂O for 35 minutes to desalt oligomer and remove benzamide. Oligomer was eluted in 75% methanol for 10 minutes, followed by a 10 minute 100% methanol wash. Fractions eluting during the 75% methanol wash were pooled in a polypropylene centrifuge tube and excess solvent evaporated from the oligomer in the speedvac. Oligomers were resuspended in 1 ml H₂O, transferred to 1.5 ml Biostor screwcap microtubes and dried by evaporation in the speedvac. Oligomers were resuspended in H₂O to approx 2 mM concentration and stored frozen at −20° C.

[0245] The library was screened at Southern Research Institute (SRI) in an acute HIV assay. The oligomer subset in which X was fixed at egCB (i.e., G₄(egCB)N₃G₄) was the most active of the 6 subsets with an I.C.₅₀ of 3 μM.

[0246] The next round of syntheses (G₄(egCB)XN₂G₄) for this library was synthesized on a 2 μmol scale by the mixed CPG method described previously. The synthesis cycle used was the ABI standard 1 μmol scale cycle modified to increase the coupling wait time to 5 minutes; the 5′DMT was removed after each synthesis round. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 ROUND 1 AGGGG CGGGG GGGGG TGGGG (egCB) GGGG (egIM) GGGG CPG mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 2 ANG₄ CNG₄ GNG₄ TNG₄ (egCB) NG₄ (egIM) NG₄ Mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 3 AN₂G₄ CN₂G₄ GN₂G₄ TN₂G₄ (egCB) N₂G₄ (egIM) N₂G₄ Mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 4 G₄AN₃G₄ G₄CN₃G₄ G₄N₃G₄ G₄TN₃G₃ G₄ (egCB) N₃G₄ G₄egIM) N₃G₄ Columns were kept separate from this point

[0247] Oligomers were cleaved in 1 ml 30% NH₄OH for 1 hr using a dual syringe method and heated at 55° C. for 16 hours to remove protecting groups from bases. Oligomers were placed in the Savant speedvac and excess NH₄OH evaporated from oligomers.

[0248] Oligomers were resuspended in approximately 500 μl H₂O and vortexed. Each oligomer was purified and desalted separately on a Pharmacia 16/50 HR column, Cat# 18-1460-01, packed with Sephadex G25 resin, Cat# 17-0572-01. Column was packed and equilibrated in H₂O at 1-2 ml/min. Oligomer was injected onto column and flow rate was reduced to 0.5 ml/min. Oligomer eluted from column in 2 hours. Flow rate was then increased to 1-2 ml/min to quickly elute the salts and protecting groups and re-equilibrate the column. Fractions containing the oligomer were pooled in a polypropylene centrifuge tube and excess H₂O was evaporated from the oligomer in the speedvac. Oligomers were resuspended in 1 ml H₂O, transferred to 1.5 ml Biostor screwcap microtubes and dried by evaporation in the speedvac. Oligomers were resuspended in H₂O to approximately 1-2 mM concentration and stored frozen at −20° C.

EXAMPLE 105 Synthesis of G₄XN₃G₄ Phosphorothioate Library

[0249] A phosphorothioate version of the same library G₄XN₃G₄ was synthesized on a 2 μmol scale using the mixed mode method and synthesis scheme described previously; the 5′-DMT was removed after each synthesis round. The synthesis cycle used was the ABI standard 1 μmol scale cycle modified to increase the coupling wait time to 5 minutes. Additionally, the oxidation step using a solution of iodine and H₂O was replaced with a sulfurization section. A 0.1 M Beaucage solution in acetonitrile was placed on the synthesizer at position #10. The cycle was modified to deliver Beaucage solution to the column after the coupling step. After a 30 second wait step, the column is rinsed with acetonitrile followed by a capping procedure.

[0250] Oligomers were cleaved in 1 ml 30% NH₄OH for 1 hour using a dual syringe method and heated at 55° C. for 16 hours to remove protecting groups from bases. Oligomers were desalted by G-25 size exclusion chromatography as described previously and stored frozen at 1 mM in H₂O.

EXAMPLE 106 Synthesis of XN₅T Phosphodiester Library

[0251] A library of oligomers was prepared incorporating six EGP phosphoramidites: adenine (egA), guanine (egG), cytosine (egC), thymine (egT), carbazole (egCB) and imidazole (egIM) phosphoramidites. The library consists of 6 subsets of the sequence XN₅T. For each of the 6 subsets, position X is fixed at egA, egC, egG, egT, egCB, or egIM; N is a randomized position incorporating egA, egC, egG, egT, egCB and egIM equally. This library was synthesized on a 2 μmol scale. Six empty 1 μmol scale Snap synthesis columns from ABI were filled with 2 μmol of dT-CPG, CPG Inc. Cat# DT06H012 (2 μmol=51 mg of 39.2 μmol/g dT-CPG). Amidites were diluted to 0.2 M with anhydrous acetonitrile, Aldrich Cat# 27,100-4, with the exception of egG which was first dissolved in anhydrous DMF to 2 μM and then further diluted to 0.2 μM with CH₃CN. Amidites egA, egG, egC, egT, egCB and egIM were placed on bottle positions 1-6, respectively, of the ABI 394 DNA synthesizer. This library was synthesized by the mixed CPG method described previously using the ABI standard 1 μmol scale cycle modified to increase the coupling wait time to 5 minutes. The 5′-DMT was removed after synthesis segments 1-5; the 5′-DMT was not removed after synthesis segment 6 as this would allow the 5′-EGP residue to hydrolyze during cleavage in NH₄OH. SYNTHESIS SCHEME FOR XN₅T Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 ROUND 1 AT CT GT TT (egCB) T (egIM) T Mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 2 ANT CNT GNT TNT (egCB) NT (egIM) NT Mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 3 AN₂T CN₂T GN₂T TN₂T (egCB) N₂T (egIM) N₂T Mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 4 AN₃T CN₃T GN₃T TN₃T (egCB) N₃T (egIM) N₃T Mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 5 AN₄T CN₄T GN₄T TN₄T (egCB) N₄T (egIM) N₄T Mixed and divided among 6 columns ROUND 6 AN₅T CN₅T GN₅T TN₅T (egCB) N₅T (egIM) N₅T Columns were kept separate from this point

[0252] Oligomers were cleaved in 1 ml 30% NH₄OH for 1 hour using a dual syringe method and heated at 55° C. for 16 hours to remove protecting groups from bases. Oligomers were transferred to a 6 ml polypropylene test tube and placed in the Savant speedvac to evaporate excess NH₄OH from oligomers. 800 μl of 80% HOAc was added to the dry oligomer for 1 hour to cleave the DMT protecting group from the 5′-hydroxyl. Acid was removed by evaporation in the speedvac.

[0253] Oligomers were vortexed in 1 ml H₂O to resuspend and benzamide and DMT protecting groups were removed from crude syntheses by ethyl acetate extraction. One milliliter of ethyl acetate was pipetted into the crude oligomer. Test tube was vortexed to thoroughly mix the H₂O and ethyl acetate. After the layers had settled, revealing a clear solvent front between them, the top ethyl acetate layer was removed with a polypropylene pipet. The H₂O layer was extracted two additional times with 2×1 ml of ethyl acetate. The H₂O layer, which contains the oligomer, was evaporated to dryness to remove residual ethyl acetate.

[0254] Oligomers are resuspended in H₂O to approx. 1-2 mM concentration and stored frozen at −20° C.

EXAMPLE 107 PLA₂ Assay

[0255] The oligomer libraries are screened for inhibition of PLA₂ in an assay using E. coli labeled with ³H-oleic acid (see, Franson, et al., J. Lipid Res. 1974, 15, 380; and Davidson, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262, 1698) as the substrate. Type II PLA₂ (originally isolated from synovial fluid), expressed in a baculovirus system and partially purified, serves as a source of the enzyme. A series of dilutions of each the oligomeric pools is done in water: 10 μl of each oligomer is incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature with a mixture of 10 μl PLA₂, 20 μl 5× PLA₂ Buffer (500 mM Tris 7.0-7.5, 5 mM CaCl₂), and 50 μl water. Each of the oligomer samples is run in duplicate. At this point, 10 μl of ³H E. coli cells is added. This mixture is incubated at 37° C. for 15 minutes. The enzymatic reaction is stopped with the addition of 50 μl 2M HCL and 50 μl fatty-acid-free BSA (20 mg/ml PBS), vortexed for 5 seconds, and centrifuged at high speed for 5 minutes. A 165 μl portion of each supernate is then put into a scintillation vial containing 6 ml of scintillant ScintiVerse) and cpms are measured in a Beckman Liquid Scintillation Counter. As a control, a reaction without oligomer is run alongside the other reactions as well as a baseline reaction containing no oligo as well as no PLA₂ enzyme. CPMs are corrected for by subtracting the baseline from each reaction data point.

EXAMPLE 108 Verification Of Assay

[0256] The PLA₂ test system of Example 107 was verified using phosphorothicate oligonucleotides with one or more strings of guanosine nucleotides (at least 3 per string). Libraries of these oligonucleotides were deconvoluted using the SURFs screening strategy and were shown to have an inhibitory effect on the PLA₂ enzyme. Knowing that phosphorothioate oligo-nucleotides inhibit PLA₂ with some sequence specificity, an eight nucleotide phosphorothioate library consisting of the four natural bases was used to test the assay system for suitability as a SURF screen. This library had been synthesized for use in another system and all subsets were not still available (indicated by dashes in Table III, below). Using the SURF method, it was confirmed that a stretch of guanosines were necessary for inhibition of PLA₂ activity by the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (Table III, below).

[0257] The assay was sensitive and accurate enough to discriminate between subsets of oligomers so that an inhibitory sequence could be selected. In each of the first three rounds of selection, the most active subset was readily determined. After 5 rounds, there was little difference in the activity of the subsets with at least 5 G's in a row, suggesting that the terminal positions are not critical for the inhibitory activity. The IC₅₀ of the “winner” improves (enzyme activity decreases) as more of the positions are fixed. As a test of the reproducibility of the assay, an eight nucleotide phosphorothioate oligonucleotide of a single sequence (TTGGGGTT) was assayed with each round of testing. This oligonucleotide acted as an internal control of the accuracy of the assay; the IC₅₀ was 8 μM in each assay. TABLE III Inhibition of PLA₂ Activity by Library IC₅₀ (mM) Subsets X = A X = G X = C X = T Round 2 NNGNXNNN >50 25 >50 >50 Round 3 NNGXGNNN — 10 >50 — Round 4 NNGGGXNN 9 4 6 18 Round 5 NAGGGGXN 4 2 4 4 NGGGGGXN 2.5 2 3 3 NCGGGGXN 5 4 5 5 NTGGGGXN 19 5 17 15

EXAMPLE 108 Assay of Library of Ethylene Glycol Oligomeric Compounds Against PLA₂

[0258] A library containing the ethylene glycol monomers is tested in the PLA₂ assay for identification of inhibitors of type II PLA₂. Confirmation of the “winner” is made to confirm that the oligomer binds to enzyme rather than substrate and that the inhibition of any oligomer selected is specific for type II PLA₂. An assay using ¹⁴C-phosphatidyl ethanolamine (¹⁴C-PE) as substrate, rather than E. coli membrane, is used to insure enzyme rather than substrate specificity. Micelles of ¹⁴C-PE and deoxycholate are incubated with the enzyme and oligomer. ¹⁴C-labeled arachidonic acid released as a result of PLA₂-catalyzed hydrolysis is separated from substrate by thin layer chromatography and the radioactive product is quantitated. The “winner” is compared to phosphatidyl ethanolamine, the preferred substrate of human type II PLA₂, to confirm its activity. PLA₂ from other sources (snake venom, pancreatic, bee venom) and phospholipase C, phospholipase D and lysophospholipase can be used to further confirm that the inhibition is specific for human type II PTA₂.

[0259] Using a phosphodiester library of the composition:

GGGGXNNNGGGG

[0260] wherein each of X and N positions were ethylene glycol monomers as described above, the most potent compound is the compound wherein the X monomer has a carbazole functional group. This compound has an IC₅₀ of 25 μM. In the next most potent compound the X monomer has an adenine functional group.

[0261] Using a phosphorothioate library of the same composition, the most potent compound also is the compound where the X monomer has a carbazole functional group. However, in this library in the next most potent compound the X monomer has a cytosine functional group.

EXAMPLE 109 Preparation of Library of Mixed Ethylene Glycol and Nucleotide Oligomeric Compounds Against PLA₂

[0262] A 5 mer phosphodiester library of the composition “NNNNT” was prepared wherein each N position was one of novel ethylene glycol monomers of the invention or nucleotides. A total of twelve monomers (all as a phosphoramidate suitable for oligomerization) and a null position were used in preparing the library. The monomeric units included the imidazole and carbazole ethylene glycol monomeric phosphoramidates of Examples 6 and 9 above, respectively, guanosine and cytidine deoxynucleotide phosphoramidates, 2′-O-methyl adenosine and uridine nucleotide phosphoramidates, 2′-O-nonyl cytidine nucleotide phosphoramidates, 2′-O-pentyl guanosine nucleotide phosphoramidate, N2,2′-O-dimethyl uridine nucleotide phosphoramidate, 1-amino-propane glycol phosphoramidate (the product from the 1-[N-benzoyl)amino]propane glycol phosphoramidate of Example 35 after deblocking of the amino group with base upon completion of oligomer synthesis), and a benzotriazole deoxynucleotide phosphoramidate).

EXAMPLE 110 Hybridization Probe for the Detection of Specific mRNA in Biological Sample

[0263] For the reliable, rapid, simultaneous quantification of multiple varieties of mRNA in a biological sample without the need to purify the mRNA from other cellular components, a mRNA of interest from a suitable biological sample, i.e., mRNA of a blood borne virus, a bacterial pathogen product in stool, urine and other like biological samples, is identified using standard microbiological techniques. An oligomeric compound of the invention complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of this mRNA is prepared as per the above examples. The oligomeric compound is immobilized on insoluble CPG solid support utilizing the procedure of Pon, R. T., Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs, Agrawal, S., Ed., Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., 1993, p 465-496. Using the method of PCT application WO 93/15221, a known aliquot of the biological sample under investigation is incubated with the insoluble CPG support having the oligomer thereon for a time sufficient to hybridize the mRNA to oligomer and thus to link the mRNA via the oligomer to the solid support. This immobilizes mRNA present in the sample to the CPG support. Other non-immobilized materials and components are then washed off the CPG with a wash media suitable for use with the biological sample. The mRNA on the support is labelled with ethidium bromide, biotin or a commercial radionucleotide and the amount of label immobilized on the CPG support is measured to indicate the amount of mRNA present in the biological sample.

[0264] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous changes and modifications may be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention and that such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is therefore intended that the appended claims cover all such equivalent variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention:

1 15 20 bases nucleic acid single linear 1 TTGCTTCCAT CTTCCTCGTC 20 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egCB at modified site 2 GGGGNANNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egCB at modified site 3 GGGGNCNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egCB at modified site 4 GGGGNGNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egCB at modified site 5 GGGGNTNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egCB at modified site Modified-site 6 egCB at modified site 6 GGGGNNNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egCB at modified site Modified-site 6 egIM at modified site 7 GGGGNNNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear 8 GGGGANNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear 9 GGGGCNNNGG GG 12 11 bases nucleic acid single linear 10 GGGGNNNGGG G 11 12 bases nucleic acid single linear 11 GGGGTNNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egCB at modified site 12 GGGGNNNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egIM at modified site 13 GGGGNNNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egCB at modified site Modified-site 6 egCB at modified site Modified-site 7 egCB at modified site Modified-site 8 egCB at modified site 14 GGGGNNNNGG GG 12 12 bases nucleic acid single linear Modified-site 5 egIM at modified site Modified-site 6 egIM at modified site Modified-site 7 egIM at modified site Modified-site 8 egIM at modified site 15 GGGGNNNNGG GG 12 

We claim:
 1. A compound having structure I:

wherein: X is H, a phosphate group, an activated phosphate group, an activated phosphite group, or a solid support; Y is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; Z is L₁, L₁-G₁, L₂, L₂-G₂, NR₃R₄, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, a purine, a pyrimidine, a phosphate group, a polyether group, or a polyethylene glycol group; L₁ is alkyl having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or alkynyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms; L₂ is aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms or aralkyl having 7 to about 15 carbon atoms; G₁ is halogen, OR₁, SR₂, NR₃R₄, C(═NH)NR₃R₄, NHC(═NH)NR₃R₄, CH═O, C(═O)OR₅, CH(NR₃R₄) (C(═O)OR₅), C(═O)NR₃R₄, metal coordination group, or a phosphate group; G₂ is halogen, OH, SH, SCH₃, or NR₃R₄; R₁ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 5 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyl protecting group; R₂ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a thiol protecting group; R₃ and R₄ are, independently, H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an amine protecting group; R₅ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an acid protecting group; Q is L₁, G₃, L₁-G₃ or G₃-L₁-G₃; G₃ is NR₃C(═O), C(═S), C(O)-O, C(Q)-NH, C(S)-O, C(S)-NH or S(O)₂, NR₃C(═O), NR₃C(═S), NR₃C(O)-O, NR₃C(O)-NH, NR₃C(S)-O, NR₃C(S)-NH or NR₃S(O)₂; n is 0 or 1; and j is 1 to 6; provided that: if n=0 and Z is NH₂, adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine and if one of X or Y is 5H then the other of X or Y is not H; and if n=0 and Q is alkyl-NH, then Z is not biotin or phosphotyrosinyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein Y is a hydroxyl protecting group.
 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein Y is trityl, methoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl or trimethoxytrityl.
 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is H, an activated phosphite group, or a solid support.
 5. The compound of claim 4 wherein X is a phosphoramidite.
 6. The compound of claim 1 wherein n is 1 and Q is a carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, acetyl, amido, succinyl, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, ureido, thioureido or sulfonamido acyl group.
 7. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is said nitrogen-containing heterocycle.
 8. The compound of claim 7 wherein said nitrogen-containing heterocycle is imidazole, pyrrole or carbazole.
 9. The compound of claim 8 wherein Z is imidazole or carbazole.
 10. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is a purine or a pyrimidine.
 11. The compound of claim 10 wherein X is an activated phosphite group, Y is a hydroxyl protecting group, and Z is adenine, guanine, cytosine, uridine or thymine.
 12. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is polyethylene glycol.
 13. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is alkyl having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.
 14. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is C₁-C₆ alkyl-NH₂.
 14. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms or aralkyl having 7 to about 15 carbon atoms.
 16. The compound of claim 15 wherein Z is fluorenylmethyl, phenyl or benzyl.
 17. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is glutamyl.
 18. A compound having structure II:

wherein: X is H, a phosphate group, an activated phosphate group, an activated phosphite group, a solid support, a conjugate group, or an oligonucleotide; Y is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group or an oligonucleotide; E is O or S; Z is L₁, L₁-G₁, L₂, L₂-G₂, NR₃R₄, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, a purine, a pyrimidine, a phosphate group, a polyether group, or a polyethylene glycol group; L₁ is alkyl having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or alkynyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms; L₂ is aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms or aralkyl having 7 to about 15 carbon atoms; G₁ is halogen, OR₁, SR₂, NR₃R₄, C(═NH)NR₃R₄, NHC(═NH)NR₃R₄, CH═O, C(═O)OR₅, CH(NR₃R₄) (C(═O)OR₅), C(═O)NR₃R₄, a metal coordination group, or a phosphate group; G₂ is halogen, OH, SH, SCH₃, or NR₃R₄; R₁ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyl protecting group; R₂ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a thiol protecting group; R₃ and R₄ are, independently, H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an amine protecting group; R₅ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an acid protecting group; Q is L₁, G₃, L₁-G₃ or G₃-L₁-G₃; G₃ is NR₃, C(═O), C(═S), C(O)-O, C(O)-NH, C(S)-O, C(S)-NH or S (O)₂, NR₃C(═O), NR₃C (═S), NR₃C(O)-O, NR₃C(O)-NH, NR₃C(S)-O, NR₃C (S)-NH or NR₃S(O)₂; n is 0 or 1; j is 1 to 6; and m is 1 to
 50. 19. The compound of claim 18 wherein Y is a hydroxyl protecting group.
 20. The compound of claim 19 wherein Y is trityl, methoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl or trimethoxytrityl.
 21. The compound of claim 18 wherein X is H, an activated phosphite group, or a solid support.
 22. The compound of claim 21 wherein X is a phosphoramidite.
 23. The compound of claim 18 wherein n is 1 and Q is a carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, acetyl, amido, succinyl, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, ureido, thioureido, or sulfonamido acyl group.
 24. The compound of claim 18 wherein Z is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle.
 25. The compound of claim 24 wherein said nitrogen-containing heterocycle is imidazole, pyrrole or carbazole.
 26. The compound of claim 25 wherein Z is imidazole or carbazole.
 27. The compound of claim 18 wherein Z is a purine or a pyrimidine.
 28. The compound of claim 27 wherein Z is adenine, guanine, cytosine, uridine or thymine.
 29. The compound of claim 28 wherein n is
 0. 30. The compound of claim 18 wherein Z is alkyl having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.
 31. The compound of claim 18 wherein Z is C₁-C₆ alkyl-NH₂.
 32. The compound of claim 18 wherein Z is aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms or aralkyl having 7 to about 15 carbon atoms.
 33. The compound of claim 32 wherein Z is carbazole, phenyl or benzyl.
 34. The compound of claim 18 wherein Z is glutamyl.
 35. The compound of claim 18 wherein m is 1 to about
 25. 36. The compound of claim 18 wherein E is O.
 37. The compound of claim 18 wherein E is S.
 38. The compound of claim 18 wherein said Z groups of each of said monomers are in a predetermined sequence.
 39. The compound of claim 18 wherein said Z groups of each of said monomers are of a random sequence.
 40. A process for preparing a randomized oligomeric compound comprising: selecting a group of monomers having structure I:

wherein: X is H, a phosphate group, an activated phosphate group, an activated phosphite group, or a solid support; Y is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; Z is L₁, L₁-G₁, L₂, L₂-G₂, NR₃R₄, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, a purine, a pyrimidine, a phosphate group, a polyether group, or a polyethylene glycol group; L₁ is alkyl having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or alkynyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms; L₂ is aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms or aralkyl having 7 to about 15 carbon atoms; G₁ is halogen, OR₁, SR₂, NR₃R₄, C(═H)NR₃R₄, NHC(═NH)NR₃R₄, CH═O, C(═O)OR₅, CH(NR₃R₄) (C(═O)OR₅), C(═O)NR₃R₄, a metal coordination group, or a phosphate group; G₁ is halogen, OH, SH, SCH₃, or NR₃R₄; R₁ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyl protecting group; R₁ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a thiol protecting group; R₃ and R₄ are, independently, H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an amine protecting group; R₅ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an acid protecting group; Q is L₁, G₃, L₁-G₃ or G₃-L₁-G₃; G is NR₃, C(═O), C(═S), C(O)-O, C(O)-NH, C(S)-C, C(S)-NH or S(O)₂, NR₃C(═O), NR₃C(═S), NR₃C(O)-O, NR₃C(O)-NH, NR₃C(S)-O, NR₃C(S)-NH or NR₃S(O)₂; n is 0 or 1; j is 1 to 6; and covalently bonding at least two of the monomers of said group to form said compound.
 41. The process of claim 40 wherein the Z moiety of at least one monomer of said group is different from the Z moiety of another monomer of said group.
 42. The process of claim 40 wherein said randomized oligomeric compound includes from 2 to 50 of said monomers.
 43. An oligomeric compound prepared via the process of claim 40 wherein said compound includes from 2 to 25 of said monomers.
 44. A chimeric oligomeric compound having a central region comprising a phosphodiester or a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide interspaced between flanking regions having structure II:

wherein: X is H, a phosphate group, an activated phosphate group, an activated phosphite group, a solid support, a conjugate group, or an oligonucleotide; Y is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a conjugate group or an oligonucleotide; E is O or S; Z is L₁, L₁-G₁, L₂, L₂-G₂, NR₃R₄, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, a purine, a pyrimidine, a phosphate group, a polyether group, or a polyethylene glycol group; L₁ is alkyl having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or alkynyl having 2 to about 20 carbon atoms; L₂ is aryl having 6 to about 14 carbon atoms or aralkyl having 7 to about 15 carbon atoms; G₁ is halogen, OR₁, SR₂, NR₃R₄, C(═NH)NR₃R₄, NHC(═NH)NR₃R₄, CH═O, C(═O)OR₅, CH(NR₃R₄) (C(═O)OR₅), C(═O)NR₃R₄, a metal coordination group, or a phosphate group; G₂ is halogen, OH, SH, SCH₃, or NR₃R₄; R₁ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyl protecting group; R₂ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or a thiol protecting group; R₃ and R₄ are, independently, H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an amine protecting group; R₃ is H, alkyl having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or an acid protecting group; Q is L₁, G₃, L₁-G₃ or G₃-L₁-G₃; G₁ is NR₃, C(═O), C(═S), C(O)-O, C(O)-NH, C(S)-O, C(S)-NH or S(O)₂, NR₃C(═O), NR₃C(═S), NR₃C(O)-O, NR₃C(O)-NH, NR₃C(S)-C, NR₃C(S)-NH or NR₃S(O)₂; n is 0 or 1; j is 1 to 6; and m is 1 to
 50. 